< 

33 


PENNSYLVANIA 


TARR  AND   McMURRY  GEOGRAPHIES 


SUPPLEMENTARY  VOLUME 


PENNSYLVANIA 


BY 

WILLIAM   W.    RUPERT,   C.E. 

SUPERINTENDENT   OF  SCHOOLS,    POTTSTOWN,   PENNSYLVANIA 


o  3  2. 


Nefo  gorft 
THE   MACMILLAN   COMPANY 

LONDON:  MACMILLAN  &  CO.,  LTD. 
1903 

AU  rights  rtterved 


COPYRIGHT,  1903, 
BY  THE   MACMILLAN   COMPANY. 


Set  up  and  electrotyped  January,  1903. 


NortoooU 
J.  S.  Cushing  &  Co.  —  Berwick  &  Smith 
Norwood  Mass.  U.S.A. 


F 
54 


PREFACE 

FOR  the  general  plan  of  this  Supplement,  and  for  kindly 
and  helpful  criticisms,  I  am  greatly  indebted  to  the  authors 
of  the  Series. 

Acknowledgment  is  also  due  for  the  following  photo- 
graphs :  Figs.  1,  2,  and  44,  presented  by  Professor  Mil- 
ton C.  Cooper  of  Philadelphia ;  Figs.  5  and  42,  presented 
by  Professor  Ralph  S.  Tarr  of  Cornell  University ;  Figs. 
6  and  35,  presented  by  Dr.  J.  T.  Rothrock,  Commissioner 
of  Forestry;  Figs.  7,  8,  9,  10,  11,  12,  and  13,  presented 
by  Professor  Daniel  S.  Hartline  of  the  Bloomsburg  State 
Normal  School ;  Figs.  17  and  18,  presented  by  the  West- 
inghouse  Air  Brake  Company ;  Figs.  21,  23,  and  24,  pre- 
sented by  Superintendent  D.  A.  Harman  of  Hazleton, 
Pennsylvania ;  Figs.  26,  27,  and  28,  presented  by  the 
American  Bridge  Company ;  Fig.  46,  presented  by  my 
wife ;  Fig.  48,  presented  by  Miss  Effie  Starrett,  teacher 
in  Pottstown  schools ;  Fig.  50,  presented  by  Dr.  J.  P. 
McCaskey  of  Lancaster ;  Fig.  53,  presented  by  Dr.  Daniel 
Carhart  of  Western  University  of  Pennsylvania. 

Hearty  thanks  are  tendered  to  city  and  borough  super- 
intendents all  over  the  state  for  valuable  information 
respecting  local  matters. 

WILLIAM  W.  RUPERT. 

POTTSTOWN,  PA., 
December  20, 1902. 


CONTENTS 

PAOE 

INTRODUCTORY  QUESTIONS  AND  SUGGESTIONS 1 

ORIGIN  OF  THE  NAME  PENNSYLVANIA       ......     1-3 

PHYSIOGRAPHY  AND  NATURAL  PRODUCTS  ......  3-22 

Older  Appalachian  Belt 6-6 

Newer  Appalachian  Belt 6-11 

Alleghany  Plateau 12-13 

The  Terminal  Moraine 13-19 

Drainage  and  Kindred  Matter 19-22 

CLIMATE 23-24 

RAILROADS  AXD  CANALS 24-30 

INDUSTRIES  OF  PENNSYLVANIA  .......          30-61 

Agriculture 30-32 

Coal  Industry 32-43 

Iron  and  Steel  Industry 43-49 

Textile  Industry 50-51 

Leather  Industry 51-52 

Refining  Sugar 52-54 

Petroleum 54-60 

Natural  Gas 60-61 

Coke 61 

The  Glass  Industry 61 

CITIES  AND  TOWNS 62-72 

Philadelphia 62-65 

Also  pp.  5,  12,  17,  19,  23,  26,  33,  45,  46,  50,  51,  62,  76 
vii 


Vlll  CONTENTS 

PAOE 

Pittsburg 65-66 

Also  pp.  17,  20,  23,  25,  26,  75 

Allegheny 66-67 

Scranton 67,  50 

Reading 67,  81 

Erie 67-68,  16,  23 

Wilkesbarre 68 

Also  pp.  10,  15-16,  17,  34,  50 

Harrisburg 68-69,  23 

Lancaster 69 

Altoona 69 

Johnstown 69-70,  26 

Allentown 70,  50,  81 

McKeesport         .         .         .         .         .         .      •   .         .         .         .70 

Chester 70,  50 

York 71,  28 

Williamsport        .........         71,  11 

New  Castle 71-72,  16 

Easton 72,  50 

HISTORY 72-82 

FAMOUS  MEN 82-84 

EDUCATION         ..........          84-91 

GOVERNMENT      ..........          91-94 

REFERENCE  BOOKS    ..........       94 

APPENDIX  .  95-101 


PENNSYLVANIA 


Bea 


CHtes-with  over  1^000, 
Cities  with  100,000  to  : 
Cities  with  25,000  to  11 
Cities  ami  Boroughs  w 
Cities  and  Boroughs  TV 
Smaller  Places : .  .  .  . 
County  Seats  with  les 

Capitals  of  States : 


Philadelphia 

KW: Pittsbnrg 

: Erie 

,000  to  25.000:  .  '.  Bradford 

)00  to  10,000  :. 


PENNSYLYANIA 

Scale  of  Miles. 


PENNSYLVANIA  SUPPLEMENT 

,  bO  2  2 

INTRODUCTORY  QUESTIONS  AND  SUGGESTIONS. —  (1)  On  a  map 
of  the  United  States,  note  carefully  the  position  of  Pennsylvania. 
(2)  What  states  touch  Pennsylvania?  (3)  What  waters  wash  its 
boundaries?  (4)  Between  what  parallels  does  Pennsylvania  lie? 
(5)  Between  what  meridians?  (6)  When  one  stands  in  the  most 
northern  portion  of  Pennsylvania,  is  he  halfway  from  the  equator  to 
the  pole,?  (7)  Using  the  scale  of  the  map,  verify  the  following  figures: 
The  greatest  length  of  the  state  from  east  to  west  is  about  302  miles ; 
greatest  width,  about  176  miles;  area,  about  45,215  square  miles. 

(8)  What  is  the  distance,  air-line,  from  Philadelphia  to  Pittsburg? 
(The  distance  between  the  cities  by  rail  is  354.3  miles.      The  best 
express  train  requires  7|  hours  to  run  from  one  city  to  the  other.) 

(9)  How  does  the  distance  between  Pittsburg  and  Philadelphia  com- 
pare with  that  between  London  and  Paris?     (10)  With  the  distance 
between  London  and  Edinburgh? 

(11)  Referring  to  the  proper  tables  in  your  geography,  compare 
the  area  of  Pennsylvania  with  that  of  the  kingdom  of  Belgium. 
(12)  Putting  Scotland  and  Switzerland  together,  how  do  they  com- 
pare in  size  with  Pennsylvania  ?  (13)  Which  is  the  larger,  Portugal 
or  Pennsylvania?  (14)  Pennsylvania  or  England?  (15)  Using  the 
tables  in  your  geography,  calculate  what  part  of  the  population  of 
the  United  States  is  found  in  Pennsylvania?  (16)  Wrhat  part  of  the 
population  of  Pennsylvania  is  found  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia  ? 
(17)  How  does  the  population  of  Pennsylvania  compare  with  that  of 
Canada?  (18)  On  the  average,  how  many  people  to  the  square  mile 
in  Pennsylvania?  (19)  How  many  to  the  square  mile  in  your  county? 
(20)  In  the  United  States? 

ORIGIN  OF  THE  NAME  PENNSYLVANIA 

Two  hundred  and  twenty-one  years  ago  the  vast  and 
populous  area  now  known  as  Pennsylvania,  with  all  its 
untold  and  unsuspected  wealth,  was  granted  by  the  king 


2  PENNSYLVANIA 

of  England,  Charles  II,  to  William  Perm.  But  why  should 
the  king  be  so  generous?  As  we  shall  see,  it  was  not  gen- 
erosity that  prompted  the  grant.  William  Penn's  father 
—  Admiral  Perm  —  had  been  a  brave  and  loyal  subject  of 
the  king,  and  at  the  time  of  the  admiral's  death  the  king 
owed  him  for  services  and  money  loaned  (for  even  kings 
were  in  those  days  obliged  to  borrow  money)  $80,000. 

The  admiral  being  dead,  this  money  belonged  to  his  son 
and  heir,  William.  Now  William  Penn  was  anxious  to 
get  away  from  England  because  he  and  many  of  his  friends 
had  been  persecuted,  fined,  and  imprisoned  on  account  of 
their  religion.  AVilliam  Penn  was  a  Friend,  or  Quaker. 
He  was  also  an  able  and  unflinching  advocate  of  civil, 
religious,  and  political  rights.  Practising  and  preaching 
such  doctrines  in  those  days  meant  no  end  of  trouble. 

Anxious  to  find  a  community  where  the  persecuted  of 
all  lands  and  all  religions  might  live  under  the  freedom 
of  their  own  laws,  and  seeing  no  hope  for  any  such  colony 
in  the  Old  World,  Penn  turned  his  eyes  toward  the  New. 
He  had  already  encouraged  some  of  his  converts  to  emi- 
grate to  America,  and  their  success  at  Burlington,  N.J., 
filled  him  with  hope  for  the  future. 

Although  the  king  owed  William  Penn  $80,000,  Penn 
did  not  want  money  ;  he  needed  land.  The  king  did  not 
have  much  money,  but  he  had  land  and  to  spare.  What 
could  be  easier  ?  "  I  will,"  thought  Charles  II,  "  discharge 
this  debt  by  giving  William  Penn  some  of  my  land  across 
the  sea,"  and  he  certainly  gave  him  a  generous  slice  — 
one  large  enough  to  accommodate  all  the  Quakers  in  the 
world. 

This  new  province  must  have  a  name.  Penn  himself 
suggested  New  Wales,  but  this  did  not  suit  the  fancy  of 


PHYSIOGRAPHY  AND  NATURAL   PRODUCTS  3 

the  king.  Perm  next  proposed  Sylvania,  meaning  wood- 
lands, which  the  king  at  once  accepted  after  adding  the 
prefix  Penn,  the  Welsh  word  for  head,  in  honor  of  the 
admiral,  Perm's  father.  Penn  was  not  pleased  with  this 
addition,  for  to  the  mind  of  the  plain  Quaker  the  prefix 
smacked  of  vanity.  He  even  went  so  far  as  to  offer  the 
king's  secretary  twenty  guineas  (about  $100)  if  he  would 
drop  the  first  syllable,  but  fortunately  this  was  not  done. 

Pennsylvania  is  also  known  throughout  the  world  as  the 
"Keystone  State,"  because,  like  the  "  keystone  "  of  an  arch  it 
stood  in  the  centre  of  the  thirteen  original  colonies,  six  of  these 
colonies  lying  north  of  Pennsylvania,  and  six  lying  south  of  it. 
Which  were  north  ?  Which  were  south  ?  (The  arch-like  curve 
of  the  Atlantic  coast  line,  with  the  crown  of  the  arch  opposite 
to  Pennsylvania,  makes  the  resemblance  to  a  keystone  quite 
striking.  Point  it  out  in  the  map.S 

It  has  also  been  asserted  by  some,  and  there  may  be  truth  in 
the  assertion,  that  Pennsylvania  was  called  the  Keystone  State 
because  the  vote  of  her  delegation  in  the  Continental  Congress 
secured  the  adoption  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 


PHYSIOGRAPHY  AND  NATURAL  PRODUCTS 

Extending  from  the  far  north  with  a  majestic  sweep, 
the  \  Appalachian  Mountains  cross  the  eastern  United 
States  from  New  England  to  Alabama.  The  Keystone 
State  lies  directly  across  their  course.  In  order  to  under- 
stand this  wonderful  mountain  system,  and  at  the  same 
time  some  of  the  principal  geographical  features  of  Penn- 
sylvania, we  shall  have  to  take  a  peep  at  the  history  of 
the  Appalachians. 

Long,  long  ages  before  the  present  mountains  of  our 
state  were  born,  there  existed  what  geologists  call  the 


PENNS  YL  VA  NlA 

Older  Appalachians.  This  old  range  of  mountains,  after 
crossing  New  England  and  northwestern  New  Jersey, 
swept  right  over  what  is  now  a  part  of  the  great  city  of 
Philadelphia,  and  thence  passed  on  toward  the  south. 
True  there  are  no  mountain  peaks  in  this  portion  of  our 
state  to-day;  but  this  is  no  proof  'that  they  never  have 
been  theJre.  The  signs  and  traces  of  a  lofty  mountain 
range,  now  departed,  are  pointed  out  by  Professor  Angelo 
HejlprmJ  the  geologist  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sci- 
ences, Philadelphia,  in  his  delightful  book,  "  Town 
Geology."  After  calling  attention  to  the  manner  in 
which  erosion  reduces  the  height  of  mountains,  he  says, 
"  In  ages  gone  by  mountain  peaks  rivalling,  if  not  ex- 
ceeding, the  Mont  Blanc  in  altitude,  may  have  constituted 
the  ancestors  of  the  present  humble  elevations  of  Fair- 
mount  Park."  Little  by  little,  through  long,  long  ages, 
Time's  tooth  gnawed  down  these  grand  old  mountains 
until  they  were  brought  close  to  the  sea-level.  Only 
here  and  there  where  the  rock  masses  were  especially 
hard,  as  was  the  case  with  the  White  Mountains  of  New 
Hampshire  and  the  Black  Mountains  of  North  Carolina, 
were  there  any  mountains  left  standing. 

With  these  exceptions,  then,  and  a  few  others,  these 
mountains  were  all  reduced  to  lowlands.  But  now  a 
remarkable  thing  happened.  These  lowlands,  with  the 
few  hard  masses  standing  bravely  and  boldly  above  them, 
were  all  elevated  by  a  gentle  but  powerful  uplift  of  the 
land.  This  gentle  uplift  produced  a  broad  swell,  from 
the  crest  of  which  slopes  extended  to  the  southeast  and 
the  northwest.  This  broadly  uplifted  .portion,  though 
folded  and  faulted  in  places,  did  not  at  first  present  a 
decidedly  mountainous  appearance;  but  it  does  so  appear 


KELTEF  MAP  O¥ 

PENNSYLVANIA 


PHYSIOGRAPHY  AND  NATURAL   PRODUCTS  5 

now  because  of  the  excavation  of  many  valleys  by  the 
erosive  action  of  water.  The  mountains  thus  formed  are 
the  ones  that  greet  our  eyes  to-day.  They  lie  farther  west 
than  the  old  range,  and  though  called  by  geologists  the 
Newer  Appalachians,  they  are  not  by  any  means  young. 

Now  we  come  to  another  very  important  event  in  the 
history  of  the  Appalachians  —  an  event  that  practically 
fixed  the  position  of  Philadelphia.  Long  after  the  uplift 
of  the  lowlands,  and  after  the  great  swell  of  land  thus 
produced  had  been  cut  up  into  ridges  and  valleys  by  the 
removal  of  the  soft  rock  by  erosion,  down  went  the  land 
again.  True,  the  land  did  not  sink  very  far,  but  it  sank 
enough  to  allow  salt  water  to  enter  the  Delaware  as  far 
as  its  junction  with  the  Schuylkill.  In  other  words,  if 
Pennsylvania  could  not  go  to  the  sea,  the  sea  could  go 
to  Pennsylvania.  It  was,  then,  this  subsidence  of  the  land 
that  gave  Pennsylvania  her  great  port  in  the  East. 

Three  large  and  well-defined  physical  divisions  are 
found  in  Pennsylvania. 

Older  Appalachian  Belt.  —  Lying  east  and  south  of  the 
modest  ridge  known  as  South  Mountain,  we  have  a  roll- 
ing, hilly  upland  with  an  average  elevation  of  about  three 
hundred  feet,  and  seldom  rising  more  than  five  hundred 
feet  above  the  sea-level.  This  is  the  Older  Appalachian 
Belt.  The  valleys  and  uplands  of  this  section  are  remark- 
ably well  adapted  to  agriculture,  and  many  of  the  most 
intelligent  and  prosperous  farmers  in  the  world  are  found 
here.  The  counties  of  Adams,  York,  Lancaster,  Chester, 
Delaware,  Montgomery,  Bucks,  Philadelphia,  and  about 
half  of  Berks  are  within  this  area.  Nearly  one-third  of 
the  entire  population  of  Pennsylvania  is  found  in  this 
corner  of  the  state. 


6  PENNS  YL  VANIA 

Lancaster  County,  near  the  centre  of  this  section,  with 
a  population  of  almost;  160,000,  and  with  an  area  of  nearly 
1000  square  miles,  is  justly  famed  for  her  agricultural 
wealth.  Her  corn,  wheat,  milk,  and  butter  cannot  be  sur- 
passed, and  her  tobacco  ranks  with  the  best.  Schuylkill, 
Chester,  Pequa,  and  other  valleys  of  this  section  are  noted 
for  their  excellent  crops,  large  barns,  and  comfortable, 


Field  of  tobacco,  Lancaster  County,  Pa. 

well-furnished  farm-houses.     Evidently  the  Older  Appa- 
lachian Belt  is  not  to  be  despised  by  the  agriculturist. 

Newer  Appalachian  Belt.  —  North  and  west  of  the  area 
just  described  comes  the  Newer  Appalachian  Belt  —  a 
younger  mountain  system  with  many  ridges  and  inter- 
vening t  valleys.  Some  of  these  ridges  run  for  fifty  or 
sixty  miles  with  scarcely  a  deflection  from  a  bee-line,  and 
show  few  if  any  notches.  When  one  ridge  changes  its 
direction,  the  others,  as  a  rule,  change  with  it,  thus  enclos- 


PHYSIOGRAPHY  AND  NATURAL  PRODUCTS  7 

ing  valleys  with  parallel  sides.  Viewed  from  some  com- 
manding height,  these  parallel  ridges  remind  one  of  the 
successive  waves  of  the  sea.  This  section  of  the  state 
might  very  properly  be  called  the  ridge-and-valley  belt,  or 
the  mountainous  belt.  It  sweeps  entirely  across  the  state 
from  northeast  to  southwest,  and  stretches  from  the  South 
Mountain  on  the  east  to  the  Alleghanies  on  the  west. 

These  long,  even-crested  mountain  ridges  are  known 
by  many  local  names.  Y/m  can  find  these  names  on  the 
map.  They  divide  the  lowlands  into  many  separate  val- 


FIG.  2. 
Farm  buildings,  Lancaster  County,  Pa. 

leys,  which  are  often  connected  with  some  difficulty  by 
roads  over  the  mountains.  Mother  Nature  sometimes 
comes  to  man's  help,  and  kindly  connects  the  valleys  by 
means  of  water  gaps  —  notches  which  rivers  or  creeks 
have  cut  across  the  ridges.  The  Delaware,  the  Schuyl- 
kill,  the  Lehigh,  and  the  Susquehanna  have  cut  beautiful 
and  famous  gaps  in  the  mountains.  Men  are,  of  course, 
shrewd  enough  to  take  advantage  of  these  gaps  when 
entering  a  new  country ;  or  later,  when  building  rail- 
roads. Examine  your  map  carefully,  and  see  what  rail- 


8  PENNSYLVANIA 

roads,  if  any,  pass  through  the  gaps  just  named.  What 
lesson  respecting  the  composition  of  a  mountain  ridge 
may  be  learned  from  an  even,  unnotched  crest? 

The  superb  scenery  about  the  Delaware  Water  Gap  — 
where  the  Delaware  breaks  through  the  Blue  Ridge  — in- 
duced capitalists  to  build  large  summer  hotels  in  that  vicin- 
ity. Here  people  from  the  cities  seek  the  cool,  pure  air, 


FIG.  3. 
The  Delaware  Water  Gap. 

the  sweet  water,  the  delightful  quiet,  and  the  charming 
scenery  of  the  mountains. 

The  valleys  between  the  ridges  are  frequently  under- 
laid by  limestone.  This  is  a  striking  characteristic  of 
that  magnificent  valley  lying  between  the  South  Moun- 
tain and  the  Blue  Ridge.  It  is  a  garden  in  fertility,  and 
of  surpassing  beauty.  A  ride  along  it  in  a  railroad  train 


PHYSIOGRAPHY  AND  NATURAL   PRODUCTS  9 


FIG.  4. 

"  Old  Bangor  Slate  Quarry,"  300  feet  deep,Bangor,  Pa.    Largest  slate  quarry 
in  the  United  States,  and  next  to  the  largest  in  the  world. 

makes  one  wish  he  were  a  farmer.  It  should  be  noted, 
however,  that  this  noble  valley  is  not  confined  to  Penn- 
sylvania. To  the  northeast  it  extends  across  northern 
New  Jersey,  and  to  the  southeast  it  may  be  followed  to 
Georgia.  The  valley,  as  a  whole,  is  known  as  the  Great 
valley,  but  various  local  names  are  applied  to  it.  West 
of  the  Susquehanna,  in  Pennsylvania,  it  is  called  the  Cum- 
berland valley  ;  but  east  of  that  stream  it  is  known  as  the 
Lebanon  valley.  In  New  Jersey  it  is  the  Kittatinny  val- 
ley ;  in  Virginia  it  is  the  famous  Shenandoah.  Using  the 
scale  of  the  map,  estimate  the  width  of  the  valley  at  dif~ 


10 


PENNSYLVANIA 


ferent  points  in  Pennsylvania.  Estimate  the  length  of 
the  Great  valley.  Name  three  towns  in  the  Cumberland 
valley,  and  three  in  the  Lebanon  valley. 

In  this  mountain  belt  is  found  a  generous  supply  of 
limestone,  slate,  and  iron  ore ;  but  most  important  of  all 
here  are  the  richest  deposits  of  anthracite  coal  to  be  found 
in  the  world.  Since  both  coal  and  limestone  are  needed 


Fu;.  5. 
Mauch  Chunk.     View  from  summit  of  Mt.  Pisgah. 

for  the  extraction  of  iron  from  its  ore,  it  is  fortunate  for 
Pennsylvania  that  all  three  are  found  here  in  abundance. 

Mining  is,  therefore,  a  most  important  industry  in  the 
Newer  Appalachian  Belt.  This  industry  has  attracted 
many  European  miners  and  laborers  to  Pennsylvania,  and 
hence  in  the  mining  districts  foreigners  are  very  numerous. 

The  anthracite  coal  is  found  in  three  separate  fields,  — 
the  northern,  the  middle,  and  the  southern.     Of  the  first 
field,  Wilkesbarre,  Scranton,  and  Pittston  are  the  most  hn- 


PHYSIOGRAPHY  AND  NATURAL  PRODUCTS 


11 


portant  mining  centres.  The  remarkable  wealth  and  pros- 
perity of  these  cities  may  be  traced  directly  to  coal.  Of 
the  middle  field,  Shamokin,  Shenandoah,  Mahanoy  City, 
and  Hazleton  are 
the  important  cen- 
tres. Pottsville,  Ta- 
maqua,  and  Mauch 
Chunk  owe  their 
prosperity,  if  not 
their  very  existence, 
to  the  southern  de- 
posit of  anthracite. 
Just  as  the  cities 
named  in  the  above 
paragraph  owe  their 
birth  and  vigorous 
life  to  deposits  of 
anthracite,  so  Wil- 
liamsport  is  the  nat- 
ural result  of  the 
remarkably  valua- 
ble forests  of  white 
pine,  hemlock,  and 
other  timber  that 
grew  along  the  west 
branch  of  the  Susquehanna.  The  lumberman's  axe  and 
the  hungry  sawmill  have,  however,  made  sad  havoc  during 
the  last  fifty  years  in  the  great  forests  of  William  Penn's 
"  Sylvania,"  and  Williamsport,  though  as  prosperous  and 
wealthy  as  ever,  and  though  still  cutting  about  150,000,000 
feet  of  lumber  yearly,  is  losing  her  distinctive  character 
as  a  great  lumber  mart. 


FIG.  6. 

Forest  of  virgin  white  pine,  Clearfield 
County,  Pa. 


1 2  PENNS  YL  VAX1A 

The  Alleghany  Plateau.  — The  third  natural  division  of 
Pennsylvania,  known  to  geologists  and  geographers  as  the 
Alleghany  Plateau,  embraces  all  that  portion  of  the  state 
(with  the  exception  of  a  very  small  area  along  Lake  Erie) 
which  lies  west  and  north  of  the  Alleghanies. 

This  plateau  along  the  crest  of  the  Alleghanies  is 
about  2000  feet  above  tide.  The  slope  of  the  plateau 
toward  the  valleys  on  the  east  is  quite  abrupt,  but  the 
slope  toward  the  west  is  very  gradual,  extending  far  away 
toward  the  prairies  of  the  west.  Where  the  plateau 
crosses  into  Ohio,  it  is  still  nearly  1000  feet  high.  The 
height  of  the  plateau,  the  steep  slopes  facing  the  east, 
and  the  absence  of  important  gaps  acted  as  serious  checks 
upon  immigration  into  the  valley  of  the  Ohio. 

Within  the  Keystone  State  there  is  no  cut  completely 
through  the  mountain  system  similar  to  that  of  the  Mohawk 
valley  in  New  York.  This,  for  Pennsylvania,  must  be 
regarded  as  a  misfortune.  Had  there  been  such  a  cut, 
Philadelphia  might  have  been  the  metropolis  of  the  United 
States.  Commerce  with  the  great  West,  through  the  Mo- 
hawk valley,  was  a  most  important  factor  in  the  growth  and 
importance  of  New  York.  Philadelphia  is,  by  the  whole 
width  of  tke  state  of  New  Jersey,  nearer  the  West  than 
New  York  ;  but  the  mountain  ridges,  and  the  still  more  for- 
midable Alleghany  Plateau,  lay  squarely  between  the  two. 

Along  the  streams,  which  traverse  this  region  in  every 
direction,  the  plateau  has  been  cut  down,  forming  tortuous 
valleys  of  considerable  depth.  To  an  unobserving  traveller 
in  these  deep  valleys,  the  plateau-like  nature  of  the 
country  through  which  he  is  passing  is  not  apparent. 
The  true  nature  of  the  region  would  at  once  be  recognized 
from  a  balloon. 


PHYSIOGRAPHY  AND  NATURAL  PRODUCTS         13 

A  considerable  portion  of  this  section  is  well  adapted  to 
agriculture,  but  it  is  the  petroleum,  natural  gas,  and  bitu- 
minous coal  that  have  made  it  rich  and  famous.  '"Here, 
too,  are  found  the  finest  forests  in  the  state ;  also  fire- 
clays, good  building  stones,  and  excellent  sand  for  glass- 
making. 

The  cities  and  towns  of  this  part  of  the  state  owe  their 
present  wealth  and  prosperity,  and  in  some  cases  their 
very  existence,  to  the  magnificent  beds  of  bituminous  coal 
that  lie  but  a  few  hundred  feet  beneath  the  surface,  and 
to  the  wonderful  petroleum  that  is  readily  reached  by 
drilling.  Had  these  riches,  better  than  gold  or  diamonds, 
beneath  the  surface  of  the  plateau  been  wanting,  even 
Pittsburg  and  Allegheny,  so  admirably  located  at  the 
head  of  the  Ohio,  and  now  one  of  the  great  industrial 
centres  of  the  world,  might  have  remained  comparatively 
insignificant.  As  anthracite  made  Wilkesbarre,  and  as 
pine  and  hemlock  gave  birth  to  Williamsport,  so  petro- 
leum produced  such  cities  as  Bradford,  Oil  City,  Franklin, 
and  Titusville. 

Along  Lake  Erie  is  a  small  strip  of  fertile  country  which 
belongs  to  the  Erie  Plain.  The  soil  and  climate  are 
especially  adapted  to  the  growing  of  grapes.  Many 
varieties  are  cultivated,  but  the  Concord  is  the  favorite. 
At  the  height  of  the  season  as  many  as  sixty  cars  of  fine 
grapes  are  shipped  daily  from  North  East  —  the  centre  of 
the  grape-shipping  trade. 

The  Terminal  Moraine.  —  You  have  read,  when  studying 
North  America,  about  the  great  glacier  that  thousands  of 
years  ago  came  down  from  the  North.  This  great  ice- 
sheet  came  down  into  Pennsylvania.  It  reached  within 
sixty  miles  of  the  site  of  Philadelphia,  and  within  thirty- 


14 


PENNS  YL  VA  NIA 


five  miles  of  the  place  where  Pittsburg  now  stands,  before 
that  great  enemy  of  ice  —  heat  —  brought  it  to  a  standstill. 
A  glacier  ceases  to  advance  when  there  is  heat  enough  to 
melt  the  ice  as  rapidly  as  it  moves  forward.  The  moving 
ice  carries  with  it  great  quantities  of  clay  and  rock  mate- 


FIG.  7. 

The  great  terminal  moraine  crossing  Fishing  Creek  Valley,  Cumberland 
County,  Pa.  At  this  point  the  moraine  is  probably  125  feet  high  and 
half  a  mile  wide.  Foreground  is  glaciated  area.  .- 

rial  which,  dropping  out  along  the  front  of  the  glacier  as 
the  ice  melts,  forms  a  huge  pile  of  debris  called  a  terminal 
moraine. 

The  great  terminal  moraine  enters  Pennsylvania  one 
mile  below  Belvidere  on  the  Delaware  River.  From  this 
point,  with  many  twists  and  turns,  but  keeping  a  general 
northwest  direction,  it  crosses  the  counties  of  Northamp- 
ton, Monroe,  and  Carbon,  reaching  the  Lehigh  River  at 
Hickory  Run  about  ten  miles  north  of  Mauch  Chunk. 


PIIY8IOG11APHY  AND  NATURAL  PRODUCTS         15 

At  this  point  it  enters  Luzurne  County,  after  crossing 
the  southern  portion  of  which  it  strikes  the  east  branch 
of  the  Susquehanna  at  Beach  Haven,  about  fifteen  miles 
above  Bloomsburg. 

Toward  the  northwest  the  moraine  crosses  the  counties 
of  Columbia,  Sullivan,  Lycoming,  Tioga,  and  Potter.  On 
leaving  Potter  County,  the  moraine  finds  itself  in  the  state 
of  New  York,  but  after  a  brief  course  here  it  returns  to 
Pennsylvania,  crossing  the  Conewango  River  in  Warren 
County  about  seven  miles  north  of  the  county  seat.  From 


Nearer  view  of  terminal  moraine.    Country  highway  cut  through  its  front. 
Notice  the  cobblestones. 

the  Conewango  the  moraine  extends  southwest,  passing 
through  the  counties  of  Crawford,  Venango,  Butler, 
Lawrence,  and  Beaver.  It  is  rather  remarkable  that  the 
moraine  leaves  Pennsylvania  at  precisely  the  latitude  at 
which  it  enters  it  —  40°  50'. 

In  the  eastern  portion  of  the  state,  Stroudsburg,  Wilkes- 


16 


PENNS  YL  VA  NIA 


barre,  Pittston,  Scranton,  and  Wellsboro  are  all  on  the 
glaciated  area.  In  the  western  portion  of  the  state,  Erie, 
Meadville,  Mercer,  and  New  Castle  are  also  on  land  that 
has  been  scoured  by  the  great  ice-sheet.  Franklin,  Oil 
City,  and  Titusville  are  close  to  the  moraine,  but  are  on 
the  unglaciated  area. 

Pupils  who  live  near  the  terminal  moraine  have  an  en- 
viable opportunity  to  study  the  effects  of  the  great  ice- 


FIG.  9. 

Eagles  Mere,  Sullivan  County,  Pa.    This  beautiful  sheet  of  water  was  pro- 
duced by  glacial  action. 

sheet.  On  the  one  side  of  the  moraine  is  soil  that  has 
been  through  that  wonderful  mill — the  ice-sheet ;  on  the 
other  side  is  soil  that,  unless  it  has  been  carried  forward 
by  streams,  has  never  been  ground  in  the  glacial  mill. 
The  contrast  is  often  very  great,  and  always  instructive. 

As   you   have    learned,   the    occurrence   of  lakes   and 
marshes  (which  represent  extinct  lakes)  is  one  of  the 


PHYSIOGRAPHY  AND  NATURAL  PRODUCTS      IT 

most  striking  features  of  glaciated  areas.  The  area  back 
of  the  terminal  moraine  in  Pennsylvania  is  no  exception 
to  this  rule.  North  of  the  moraine  are  hundreds  of  lakes ; 
south  of  it,  not  one. 

.Deep  Lake  and  Lakes  Poponoming  and  Minneola,  all  in 
Monroe  County,  are  kettle-hole  lakes  —  lakes  in  kettle- 
shaped  depressions  of  the  terminal  moraine.  Lakes  of  this 
kind  are  numerous  in  Pennsylvania.  Though  the  water 
covers  a  very  small  area,  it  is  often  quite  deep  —  30  to  50 
feet.  Sometimes  the  terminal  moraine  itself  dams  up  a 
stream,  thus  forming  a  lake.  Long  Pond,  upon  the  top  of 
the  Pocono  Mountain,  was  formed  in  this  way. 

Waterfalls  are  also  signs  of  a  glaciated  area.  North 
of  the  moraine  in  Pennsylvania  there  are  over  two  hun- 
dred waterfalls  —  all  beautiful,  and  many  of  considerable 
size. 

Of  course  the  great  ice-sheet  brought  into  Pennsylvania 
an  immense  number  of  boulders,  large  and  small,  and  it 
manufactured  cobblestones  for  us  by  the  million.  Every 
schoolboy  who  has  visited  any  city  on  or  near  the  glaci- 
ated area  must  have  seen  these  cobblestones  used  for  mak- 
ing the  firm  but  noisy  and  rough  roadways  found  there. 
Philadelphia,  especially,  has  been  noted  for  its  cobblestone 
streets  ;  but  here  and  elsewhere  better  material  is  now 
used  for  the  construction  of  roadways. 

On  Penobscot  Knob,  a  mountain  that  overlooks  Wilkes- 
barre,  rests  a  big  boulder  measuring  9x6x4^  feet.  This 
boulder,  like  thousands  of  others,  was  brought  here  by  the 
ice,  and  left  where  it  is  now  seen. 

Much  of  the  brick-clay  about  Philadelphia  and  Pitts- 
burg,  and  indeed  along  the  valleys  of  all  streams  flowing 
from  the  glaciated  portion  of  our  state,  was  made  by  the 


FIGS.  10, 11, 12,  13,  14. 

A  group  of  Pennsylvania  waterfalls. 

18 


PHYSIOGRAPHY  AND  NATURAL  PRODUCTS         19 

torrents  of  muddy  water  that  flowed  from  the  front  of 
the  melting  ice-sheet. 

Drainage  and  Kindred  Matter.  —  When  we  remember 
that  Pennsylvania  has  an  area  of  about  45,215  square 
miles,  and  an  annual  rainfall  of  about  40  inches,  the  pres- 
ence of  such  large  rivers  as  the  Delaware,  the  Susque- 
hanna,  and  the  Allegheny  is  readily  understood. 

On  the  eastern  boundary,  the  Delaware  with  its  famous 
and  beautiful  tributaries,  the  Lehigh  and  the  Schuylkill, 
drains,  within  the  state,  an  area  of  6443  square  miles. 
These  tributaries,  rising  in  the  anthracite  coal  regions, 
furnish  natural  and  easy  routes  for  railroads  by  which  the 
anthracite  may  be  transported  from  the  mines  to  the  sea- 
board. The  Delaware  admits  the  largest  ocean  steamers 
to  Philadelphia,  and  is  navigable  by  small  boats  as  far  as 
Trenton.  Both  the  city  of  Philadelphia  and  the  national 
government  have  spent,  and  are  spending,  larg^  sum$  of 
money  to  improve  navigation  in  the  Delaware.  This  stream 
drains  in  all  about  11,000  square  miles  of  territory. 

The  Susquehanna  with  its  branches  drains  an  area  of 
21,000  square  miles  —  nearly  one-half  of  the  state.  This 
noble  river  is  famous  alike  for  its  beauty  and  its  historical 
associations.  The  Susquehanna  is  a  wide,  shallow  stream, 
filled  with  islands,  and  often  broken  by  rapids.  It  is  there- 
fore not  navigable,  but  immense  quantities  of  lumber  were 
formerly  rafted  down  its  current  in  seasons  of  high  water. 
The  coal  from  the  northern  anthracite  region  finds  an  easy 
road  to  market  along  its  banks.  The  North  Branch  and 
the  West  Branch  unite  at  Northumberland  to  form  the 
Susquehanna  proper.  Fifteen  miles  above  Harrisburg 
the  Susquehanna  receives  a  stream,  the  Juniata,  which  is 
widely  celebrated  for  the  beauty  of  its  valley.  The  poet 


20  PENNS  YL  VAN  I  A 

has  found  in  this  stream  a  fitting  theme  for  a  song,  "  The 
Blue  Juniata":  — 

"  Wild  roved  an  Indian  girl, 

Bright  Alfarata, 
Where  sweep  the  waters 
Of  the  blue  Juniata." 

The  Ohio,  between  Pittsburg  and  the  state  line,  together 
with  the  Allegheny  and  the  Monongahela,  which  unite  to 
form  it,  drains  14,747  square  miles  of  onr  state.  Of  this 
area  the  Allegheny  alone  drains  9550  square  miles.  The 
Davis  island  dam,  on  the  Ohio,  built  by  the  national 
government  in  1878-1885,  at  a  cost  of  a  million  dollars, 
gives  to  Pittsburg  a  magnificent  harbor  more  than  six 
miles  long. 

Much  fine  bituminous  coal  is  exposed  to  view  along  the 
Allegheny  and  the  Monongahela.  These  rivers  are  wide 
and  shallow,  but  the  national  government  has,  at  heavy 
expense,  built  great  dams  across  them  for  the  purpose  of 
backing  up  the  water,  and  thus  making  it  deep  enough  to 
carry  barges  loaded  with  coal  and  other  merchandise.  By 
means  of  nine  locks  and  dams,  owned  and  maintained  by 
the  United  States,  the  Monongahela  is  made  navigable  as 
far  as  the  West  Virginia  line.  In  like  manner  the  Alle- 
gheny has  been  made  navigable  for  many  miles.  The  slack 
water  between  the  dams  is  called  a  pool.  The  fourth  pool 
on  the  Monongahela,  forty-one  miles  above  Pittsburg,  is 
now  the  scene  of  very  active  mining  operations. 

Occasionally,  coal  accumulates  in  the  harbor  at  Pitts- 
burg, until  a  million  or  more  tons  are  there  awaiting  a  rise 
in  the  river.  When  the  water  reaches  a  suitable  height, 
great  fleets  of  coal  boats,  each  containing  from  10,000  to 
15,000  tons,  are  made  up  for  shipment  to  Cincinnati  or 


PHYSIOGRAPHY  AND  NATURAL  PRODUCTS         21 

Louisville.  At  Louisville  two  or  three  Pittsburg  fleets 
are  sometimes  united,  thus  making  monster  fleets,  con- 
taining from  35,000  to  40,000  tons.  These  are  towed  to 
New  Orleans  by  powerful  towboats.  The  magnitude  of  a 
fleet  conveying  40,000  tons  of  coal  will  be  comprehended 
when  we  understand  that  it  covers  about  ten  acres  of 
water. 

Valleys  are  very  attractive  places  in  which  to  live. 
Here  are  fertile  soil,  water  power,  and  superior  facilities 
for  transportation.  But  there  is  one  danger  inseparably 
connected  with  valleys  —  the  danger  from  floods.  Much 
property  is  destroyed  every  year  in  Pennsylvania  by 
freshets,  and  not  infrequently  lives  are  lost.  During  the 
winter  of  1901-1902,  there  were  three  destructive  freshets 
in  Pennsylvania.  Lives  were  lost,  and  the  losses  in  prop- 
erty were  unusually  heavy. 

A  simple  but  impressive  calculation  recently  suggested  in 
"  Forest  Leaves,"  by  Mr.  John  Birkinbine,  gives  us  a  hint  of 
the  tremendous  power  set  free  in  a  rainfall  of  a  few  inches. 
An  inch  of  rainfall  on  a  square  mile  represents  a  weight  of 
about  65,000  tons.  Or,  to  look  at  the  matter  in  another  way, 
one  inch  of  rain  on  a  square  mile  would  fill  a  pipe,  with  a 
diameter  sufficient  to  allow  a  man  to  stand  upright  in  it,  six- 
teen miles  long.  Now  when  we  call  to  mind  the  area  drained, 
for  example,  by  the  Susquehanna,  and  remember  that  from 
two  to  three  inches  of  rain  may  occasionally  fall  in  a  single 
day,  we  are  prepared  to  expect  disastrous  floods. 

How  much  of  any  given  rainfall  finds  its  way  at  once  to  the 
streams,  depends  upon  the  slope  and  the  condition  of  the  ground 
receiving  it.  Among  other  causes  that  augment  the  nm-off, 
and  thus  increase  the  danger  from  freshets,  is  the  destruction 
of  our  forests.  The  floor  of  a  forest  is  absorbent.  It  is  some- 
what like  a  sponge ;  it  holds  the  water  for  some  time,  giving  it 
up  gradually.  Such  action,  it  will  be  seen,  not  only  diminishes 


22  PENNSYLVANIA 

the  danger  from  freshets,  but  it  also  stores  up  water  in  the 
soil  against  the  days  of  drought  which,  sooner  or  later,  are 
certain  to  come.  Forests,  of  course,  cannot  prevent  freshets, 
but  they  do  mitigate  their  destructive  effects. 


FIG.  15. 

Bridge  over  the  Susquehanna  at  Harrisburg,  Pa. 
Wrecked  by  flood  in  winter  of  1901-11)02. 

"Every  freshet  and  every  drought,"  says  Mr.  Birkinbine, 
"emphasizes  the  importance  of  the  state  of  Pennsylvania's 
maintaining  a  system  of  forest  protection  on  one-sixth  of  its 
area  which  the  Commissioner  of  Forestry  asserts  is  better 
adapted  to  forest  growth  than  to  other  purposes,  and  is  a  strong 
argument  in  favor  of  increasing  and  maintaining  its  forest 
reserves." 

SUGGESTIONS.  —  (1)  Perhaps  you  would  like  to  verify  by  your  own 
calculations  the  figures  given  above  respecting  the  rainfall  on  a  square 
mile.  (2)  Construct  a  drainage  map  of  Pennsylvania,  showing  the 
three  principal  river  systems,  —  the  Delaware,  the  Susquehanna,  and 
the  Ohio.  (3)  Draw  lines  to  represent  the  water  partings  between  the 
different  river  basins.  (4)  Do  any  other  river  systems  receive  drainage 
from  Pennsylvania?  If  so,  what  are  they? 


CLIMATE 


23 


CLIMATE 

The  following  tables,  compiled  from  the  official  reports 
of  the  U.  S.  Weather  Bureau,  give  the  facts  respecting 
temperature,  rainfall,  and  snowfall  in  different  parts  of 
the  state  for  the  year  1901.  Departures  from  the  normal 
are  indicated  in  separate  columns. 

TEMPERATURE  IN  DEGREES  FAHRENHEIT 


Annual 

Elevations  of 

Stations 

Mean 

Departure 

Maximum 

Minimum 

Instruments, 

Feet 

Erie      .     .     . 

48.2° 

-0.6° 

91° 

-   2° 

1400 

Pittsburg  .     . 

52.6° 

-  0.3° 

98° 

2° 

842 

Harrisburg   . 

51.9° 

-0.4° 

100° 

9° 

361 

Philadelphia 

53.8° 

0.0" 

103° 

6° 

117 

PRECIPITATION  IN  INCHES 


Total    Annual    Pre- 

Stations 

cipitation,  including 
Melted  Snow 

Departure 

Snowfall 

Erie  .... 

31.67 

-8.11 

58.7 

Pittsburg   .     . 
Harrisburg     . 

Philadelphia  >- 

\ 

40.76 
29.81 
45.54 

+  4.01 
-8.11 
+  5.56 

44.6 
18.3 
10.0 

It  will  be  seen  from  an  examination  of  the  tables  that 
the  average  temperature  of  the  northwest  is  considerably 
lower  than  the  average  temperature  of  the  southeast.  It 
will  be  seen,  too,  that  while  the  annual  normal  precipi- 


24  PENNS  YL  VANIA 

tation  does  not  vary  much  in  the  different  parts  of  the 
state,  the  snowfall  in  the  north  and  west  is  much  greater 
than  it  is  in  the  south  and  east. 

Upon  the  whole  the  climate  of  Pennsylvania  is  health- 
ful and  invigorating.  Among  the  mountains  are  numerous 
summer  resorts  where  thousands  may  be  found  in  search 
of  rest,  pleasure,  and  health. 

QUESTIONS  AND  SUGGESTIONS  —  (1)  How  do  you  explain  the 
above  facts  respecting  temperature,  rainfall,  and  snowfall  ?  (2)  A 
good  thermometer  and  a  rain  gauge  are  important  aids  in  the  study 
of  geography.  If  you  have  these  instruments,  compare  your  records 
with  a  number  of  places  quite  differently  located.  (3)  What  winds 
bring  rain  to  you?  Why?  (4)  What  are  the  prevailing  winds  in  your 
vicinity?  Why?  (5)  Do  you  know  of  any  summer  resorts  in  your 
part  of  the  state?  What  are  their  chief  attractions?  (6)  Procure 
and  examine  booklets  from  Cresson  Springs,  Cambria  County,  Eagles 
Mere,  Sullivan  County,  or  other  famous  resorts.  They  contain 
valuable  information  and  instructive  illustrations. 


RAILROADS  AND  CANALS 

As  we  ride  along  in  one  of  the  magnificent  express 
trains  of  the  present  day,  it  is  hard  to  realize  that  seventy- 
five  years  ago  there  was  no  such  thing  as  a  passenger 
steam  railroad  in  the  United  States.  Railroads  are  among 
the  most  potent  factors  of  modern  civilization,  and  Penn- 
sylvania is  well  supplied  with  them.  Within  her  borders 
there  are  to-day  over  10,000  miles  of  railroads,  and  along 
these  roads  are  found  the  great  interests  of  the  state. 

In  the  early  days  of  Pennsylvania,  the  turnpike  and 
the  broad-wheeled  Conestoga  wagon,  drawn  by  six  or 
eight  horses,  were  regarded  with  quite  as  much  admira- 
tion as  that  which  is  now  bestowed  upon  our  superb  rail- 
roads—  the  best  in  the  world.  Between  1790  and  1806 


RAILROADS  AND  CANALS  25 

a  turnpike,  passing  through  Lancaster,  Carlisle,  Shippens- 
burg,  and  Bedford,  was  built  from  Philadelphia  to  Pitts- 
burg.  Over  this  rolled  a  great  tide  of  emigration  to  the 
West.  Food,  clothing,  furniture,  medicine,  farming  im- 
plements, men,  women,  and  children  were  hauled  in  wagons 
across  the  mountains  to  Pittsburg.  During  a  year  over 
12,000  of  these  wagons,  33  every  day,  entered  that  city. 
The  old  pike,  with  scores  of  old-fashioned  hotels  lining  its 
course,  is  still  in  existence  ;  but  the  glory,  both  of  the 
pike  and  the  hotels,  has  long  since  departed. 

In  the  meantime  the  steamboat  was  invented  and  found 
its  way  into  the  Ohio  and  the  Mississippi.  The  people  of 
the  West  could  now  float  their  flour,  pork,  and  lumber 
down  to  New  Orleans,  and  in  the  steamboat  bring  back 
the  sugar,  coft'ee,  dry-goods,  and  other  things  which  they 
needed.  This  was  far  cheaper  than  hauling  over  the  Alle- 
ghanies  in  Conestoga  wagons.  If  the  people  of  the  East 
were  to  hold  this  wonderfully  remunerative  trade,  they 
must  provide  some  cheaper  means  of  transportation. 

The  first  step  in  this  direction  was  taken  when  it  was 
proposed  to  build  the  Erie  Canal.  When  this  canal  was 
finished  in  1825,  the  cost  of  carrying  a  ton  of  freight  from 
Albany  to  Buffalo  was  reduced  from  $  120  to  $14.  You 
may  be  sure  that  this  caused  great  excitement  in  Pennsyl- 
vania. It  was  now  possible  to  send  freight  from  Phila- 
delphia to  Albany  by  sailing  vessels,  and  then  by  the  Erie 
Canal,  Lake  Erie,  Lake  Chautauqua,  and  the  Allegheny 
River  to  Pittsburg.  Freight  could  be  sent  by  this  route 
for  one-third  of  what  it  cost  to  wagon  it  over  the  moun- 
tains of  Pennsylvania. 

What  could  Pennsylvania  do  ?  She  lost  no  time,  but 
determined  at  once  to  join  Philadelphia  and  Pittsburg  by 


26  PENNS  YL  VA  NIA 

a  system  of  canals.  This,  in  a  mountainous  state  like 
Pennsylvania,  was  a  most  serious  undertaking ;  but,  for- 
tunately, the  railroad  was  now  slowly  developing,  and  the 
people  of  the  state  utilized  it  in  their  system  of  trans- 
portation, thus  making  it  part  railroad  and  part  canal. 
The  railroad  of  that  day,  however,  was  not  a  steam  road  ; 
it  was  only  a  horse  railroad. 

From  Philadelphia  to  Columbia,  by  way  of  Lancaster, 
the  railroad  was  used.  There  goods  for  the  West  were 
transshipped  to  the  canal  and  conveyed  along  the  Susque- 
hanna  and  the  Juniata  to  Hollidaysburg.  Here  another 
change  must  be  made  —  that  time  from  canal  to  cars. 
These  cars  were  now  hauled  to  the  foot  of  a  series  of  in- 
clines, on  the  summits  of  which  were  placed  stationary 
engines  for  the  purpose  of  drawing  the  cars  up  the  moun- 
tains. By  these  means  they  reached  the  summit  of  the 
Alleghanies  — 1397  feet  above  Hollidaysburg  and  1172 
feet  above  Johnstown.  From  this  point,  in  like  manner, 
the  cars  were  let  down  inclined  planes  on  the  other  side  of 
the  mountains  to  Johnstown,  —  the  eastern  end  of  the 
trans-Alleghanian  canal  and  the  western  terminus  of  the 
"  Portage  Railroad,"  as  this  system  of  inclined  planes  was 
called.  Here  the  goods  were  again  transferred  to  the 
canal,  and  in  due  time  reached  that  famous  centre  of  dis- 
tribution —  Pittsburg.  The  ruins  of  the  old  Portage 
Railroad  may  still  be  seen  from  the  car  windows  by  trav- 
ellers over  the  main  line  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad, 
which  long  ago  displaced  the  old  system. 

This  system  of  transportation,  combining  the  horse  rail- 
road and  the  canal,  was  a  great  improvement  upon  the 
Conestoga  wagon  ;  but,  like  the  pike,  it,  too,  was  inade- 
quate to  the  needs  of  the  people.  The  railroad  was  a 


RAILROADS  AND   CANALS 


27 


single-tracked  one  with  turnouts  to  enable  cars  to  pass 
each  other.  Naturally,  the  drivers,  a  careless  set  at  best, 
frequently  met  where  there  was  no  turnout.  This  meant 
a  block  to  traffic,  or  a  tight,  or  both,  and  in  the  end  one 
party  was  obliged  to  go  back  to  the  first  turnout.  Finally, 
in  1834,  the  road  was  double-tracked,  and  the  first  locomo- 
tives were  used  for  drawing  the  cars.  Soon  it  was  plain 
that  horses  and  locomotives  could  not  work  on  the  same 
tracks,  and  in  1836  steam  became  the  motive  power.  From 
that  time  to  this  there  has  been  a  constant  series  of  im- 


FlG.    If). 

Pennsylvania  Railroad  Bridge  over  the  Susqnelianna,  a  few  miles  above  Har- 
risburg.  Material,  stone;  length,  one  mile.  Cost,  $1,000,000.  Mountain 
in  foreground,  Kittatinny.  Second  range,  Sharp  Mountain.  Mountain 
in  background,  Peters. 

provements  in  railroad  .construction,  in  locomotives,  in 
cars,  and  in  management.  From  light  Avooden  rails  we 
have  come  to  those  of  heavy  steel  ;  from  frail  bridges  to 
strong  ;  from  hand-brake  to  air-brake  ;  from  passenger 
cars  looking  like  our  present  freight  cars  to  perfect  pal- 
aces ;  from  insignificant  coal  cars  holding  a  few  tons  to 
great  steel  ones  carrying  fifty  tons :  and  from  crude  man- 
agement to  that  which  challenges  the  admiration  of  the 
world. 


28  PENNS  YL  VANIA 

In  no  particular  has  improvement  been  more  marked  than 
in  the  character  of  the  locomotives.  In  1831  the  Baltimore 
and  Ohio  Railroad  Company  offered  a  premium  of  $4000  "  for 
the  most  approved  engine  which  shall  be  delivered  for  trial 
upon  the  road  on  or  before  the  1st  of  June,  1831."  One  of  the 
requirements  was  that  the  engine  should  not  exceed  3^  tons' 
weight.  The  premium  was  taken  by  the  "  York,"  which  was 
built  at  York,  Pa.  Locomotives  weighing  over  a  hundred  tons 
are  now  built,  and  their  power  is  in  like  proportion.  In  the 
early  locomotive  no  cab  sheltered  the  engineer,  no  brake  was 
at  his  command,  and  wood  was  the  fuel  supplied. 


FIG.  17. 


Works  of  the  Westinghouse  Air  Brake  Company  at  Wilmerding,  on  the  Penn- 
sylvania Railroad,  fourteen  miles  east  of  Pittsburg,  Pa. 

Without  his  Westinghouse  air-brake,  the  engineer  of 
to-day  would  be  helpless  indeed.  The  Westinghouse  Air 
Brake  Company,  Wilmerding,  Pa.,  about  fourteen  miles 
east  of  Pittsburg,  on  the  main  line  of  the  Pennsylvania  Rail- 
road, makes  one  set  of  brakes  every  minute  of  a  working 
day.  To  December  31, 1900,  the  number  of  Westinghouse 
brakes  ordered  in  the  United  States  alone  for  locomotives 
was  about  40,000,  and  for  railway  cars  about  1,160,000. 
The  Westinghouse  brake  is  the  standard  railway  brake  of 


RAILROADS  AND  CANALS 


29 


the  world,  and  is  used  in  Africa,  America  (on  about  550 
railways),  Argentina,  Australia,  Austria-Hungary,  Bel- 
gium, Bulgaria,  Germany,  Great  Britain,  Holland,  India, 
Italy,  Persia,  Roumania,  Russia,  Servia,  Spain,  Sweden, 
Norway,  and  Switzerland. 

It  was  at  Honesdale,  Pa.,  in  1829,  that  the  first  run  was 
made  by  a  locomotive  in  America.     This  is  a  fact  of  which 


FIG.  18. 

An  interior  view  of  the  Westinghouse  Air  Brake  Company's  Works, 
Wilmerding,  Pa. 

Pennsylvanians  are  a  little  proud.  Horatio  Allen,  an  en- 
gineer of  the  Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal,  brought  it  from 
England,  where  he  had  been  studying  the  application  of 
steam  to  transportation  by  land.  When  Allen  had  his 
locomotive  on  the  track,  he  urged  some  one  in  the  large 
assemblage  gathered  to  see  the  wonderful  machine,  to 
take  a  seat  on  the  engine  with  him ;  but  no  one  was  bold 
enough  to  do  so.  He  therefore  pulled  open  the  throttle, 


30 


PENNS  YL  VA  NIA 


and,  alone  in  his  glory,  swept  out  of  sight  at  the  rate  of 
ten  miles  an  hour  —  a  high  speed  for  those  days. 

Freight  is  now 
carried  safely 
and  rapidly  at 
the  rate  of  about 
half  a  cent  per 
ton  per  mile. 
Passengers  in 
luxuriously  fur- 
nished coaches, 
having  at  their 
command  dining 
cars,  sleeping 
cars,  smoking 
cars,  barber  shops,  and  other  conveniences,  are  carried 
across  the  state  in  a  little  over  seven  hours.  What  a 
change  from  the  days  of  the  Conestoga  wagon ! 


FIG.  li>. 
A  modern  dining  car. 


INDUSTRIES   OF   PENNSYLVANIA 

Agriculture.  —  This  is  the  industry  that  takes  prece- 
dence of  all  others.  Without  it  there  would  soon  be 
no  necessity  for  any  of  the  other  industries,  for  man  Jhim- 
self  would  either  be  reduced  to  savagery  or  would  disap- 
pear from  the  planet.  Men  have  lived,  and  could  again  live, 
without  coal,  petroleum,  iron,  steel,  leather,  sugar,  silks, 
and  fine  carpets ;  but  we  cannot  live  without  the  grains, 
fruits,  vegetables,  meat,  and  milk  that  come  from  the  farm. 

The  farmer  of  this  day  should  be  a  well-educated  man. 
Chemistry,  geology,  physics,  entomology,  botany,  and 
mathematics  are  of  direct  practical  value  to  the  farmer ; 


INDUSTRIES  OF  PENNSYLVANIA 


31 


while  subjects  like  literature,  geography,  and  history  are 
as  important  to  him  as  they  are  to  the  majority  of  men. 
The  writer  recently  called  at  a  farm  about  4.30  in  the 
evening.  The  farmer  was  busy  with  the  installation  and 
testing  of  a  gasoline  en- 
gine which  he  had  just 
purchased  for  running 
the  ice  machine  con- 
nected with  his  refriger- 
ator. In  the  same  build- 
ing his  daughters  (one 
of  them  is  a  graduate  of 
a  good  high  school,  and 
expects  to  go  to  college 
next  September)  were 
running  the  centrifugal 
machine  with  which  this 
farmer  separates  milk 
from  cream.  Comment 
is  quite  unnecessary. 

During  the  last  ten 
years  there  has  been  an 
increase  of  six  per  cent 
in  the  number  of  farms 
in  the  state.  The  following  table  gives  the  statistics  of 
the  principal  crops  as  presented  in  the  census  of  1900  :  — 


FIG.  20. 

Separating  cream  from  milk  with  centrif- 
ugal machine.  The  machine  is  the 
small  black  object  under  left  arm  of 
fan.  Cream  passes  over  cold  pipes  on 
left,  and  milk  over  those  on  right. 


Crops 

Value 

Crops 

Value 

Hay  and  forage 
Corn      

.$37,514,779 
21,896,795 

Orchard  fruits   .     . 
Forest  products 

$7,976,464 
6,481,181 

Wheat  

13  71°  976 

Miscellaneous  vege- 

Oats       

1  1,093,893 

tables     .... 

6  088  214 

Potatoes  (white)    . 

9,397,054 

32  PENN8  YL  VANIA 

The  most  important  crops  included  in  "miscellaneous 
vegetables,"  in  the  order  of  their  acreage,  are  sweet  corn, 
cabbages,  tomatoes,  turnips,  cantaloupes,  cucumbers,  water- 
melons, asparagus,  and  celery.  How  many  of  these  are 
raised  in  your  vicinity  ?  In  Pennsylvania  the  apple  is  the 
chief  orchard  fruit.  Are  there  many  raised  in  your  county  ? 
What  varieties  ?  Can  you  tell  wheat  from  oats  as  they 
grow  in  the  field  ?  How?  How  many  bushels  of  wheat 
per  acre  are  considered  a  good  crop  ?  Oats  ?  Corn?  Pota- 
toes? Are  there  any  valuable  forest  products  in  your 
vicinity?  To  what  uses  are  they  put? 

The  value  of  the  milk,  butter,  and  cheese,  as  shown  by 
the  census  for  1900,  was  nearly  $36,000,000.  Boys  who 
are  trying  to  make  money  raising  chickens  will  be  glad  to 
know  that  the  eggs  and  poultry,  by  the  same  census,  were 
worth  over  116,000,000  — only  $2,000,000  less  than  the 
wonderful  petroleum. 

The  Coal  Industry. —  Should  the  world  be  suddenly  de- 
prived of  its  supply  of  coal,  what  a  blow  it  would  be  to 
our  civilization  !  There  would  be  no  gas  to  illuminate 
our  streets  or  our  houses  ;  the  thousands  upon  thousands 
of  steam-engines  that  are  to-day  producing  so  many  of  the 
necessities  of  civilized  life  would  stand  idle;  our  mag- 
nificent railroads  would  fall  into  decay;  and  our  palatial 
ocean  steamers  would  rot  at  their  wharves. 

About  the  year  1240  a  considerable  amount  of  coal  was 
burned  in  London,  but  it  made  so  much  black  smoke  that 
the  people  thought  it  poisoned  the  air.  They  therefore 
appealed  to  Parliament,  asking  that  body  to  prohibit  its 
use.  In  response,  Parliament  passed  a  law  making  the 
burning  of  coal  a  crime  punishable  by  death. 

Although  coal  has  been  used,  in  small  quantities,  as  fuel 


INDUSTRIES  OF  PENNSYLVANIA  33 

for  many  hundreds  of  years,  it  was  not  until  the  eighteenth 
century  that  the  scientific  mining  of  coal  was  begun. 
Prior  to  this  the  mines  were  shallow,  rarely  going  below 
water-level,  and  the  coal  was  raised  to  the  surface  by  very 
simple  means. 

It  was  in  the  bituminous  coal  field  in  the  vicinity  of 
Richmond,  Va.,  that  the  first  systematic  mining  was  done 
in  this  country.  During  the  War  for  Independence  the 
coal  mined  there  was,  among  other  uses,  employed  in  the 
manufacture  of  cannon-balls  and  other  war  material. 

Anthracite  coal  was  first  discovered  in  the  Wyoming 
valley,  Pennsylvania.  This  discovery  was  made  in  1768 
by  two  blacksmiths,  named  Gore,  who  used  the  coal  in 
their  forge.  At  that  time,  however,  no  one  thought  of 
burning  anthracite  in  an  ordinary  stove  or  open  grate.  It 
was  believed  that  its  combustion  depended  upon  the  blast 
of  air  driven  through  it  by  the  blacksmith's  bellows. 

In  1776  anthracite  coal  was  transported  to  Carlisle  for 
the  Continental  Army.  It  was  taken  to  Harrisburg  in 
boats,  and  from  there  hauled  in  wagons.  This  was  the 
first  shipment  of  anthracite  ever  made  in  this  country. 

In  1803  two  flat-bottomed  boats,  or  arks,  as  they  were 
then  called,  loaded  with  Lehigh  anthracite,  were  floated 
from  Mauch  Chunk  to  Philadelphia.  They  carried  about 
two  hundred  tons.  Five  arks  were  started  on  this  dan- 
gerous journey,  but  three  were  wrecked  long  before  they 
reached  their  destination.  The  coal  that  went  to  the  bot- 
tom of  the  river,  however,  did  not  meet  a  worse  fate  than 
that  which  reached  Philadelphia,  for  no  one  could  make  it 
burn,  and  it  was  pronounced  worthless. 

In  1812,  Colonel  George  Shoemaker,  of  Pottsville,  hauled 
nine  wagon-loads  of  coal  to  Philadelphia.  He  sold  two, 


34  PENNS  YL  VAN  I  A 

loads,  but  gave  the  other  seven  away.  He  was  looked 
upon  as  a  rascal  who  was  attempting  to  sell  black  stones 
for  coal,  and  he  was  obliged  to  hurry  out  of  the  city  to 
avoid  arrest. 

However,  the  two  loads  sold  by  Colonel  Shoemaker 
were  bought  by  Messrs.  White  and  Hazard,  who  were 
operating  wire-works ,  at  the  Falls  of-  Schuylkill.  Mr. 
White  and  his  firemen,  after  spending  a  full  half-day 
poking,  raking,  and  fanning  the  fire,  closed  the  furnace 
doors  at  noon  in  disgust  and  went  to  dinner.  Returning 
in  the  afternoon,  they  were  amazed  to  find  the  furnace 
doors  red-hot  and  the  furnace  in  danger  of  melting.  These 
manufacturers  thus  learned  that  poking  and  raking  do 
more  harm  than  good  when  you  are  starting  a  fire  with 
anthracite.  They  learned  also  that  "  stove  coal "  will  make 
a  very  hot  fire,  and  that,  too,  without  artificial  blast.  This 
was  an  object  lesson  that  meant  much  for  the  future  of 
coal. 

About  ten  years  before  this,  Judge  Jesse  Fell  of  Wilkes- 
barre  had  succeeded  in  using  anthracite  in  an  open  grate, 
but  the  importance  of  his  discovery  was  not  generally 
understood. 

The  mining  of  anthracite  upon  a  commercial  scale  be- 
gan in  1820,  when  365  tons  were  shipped  from  the  Lehigh 
region  to  Philadelphia.  This  was  at  the  rate  of  one  ton 
per  day.  In  1900  Pennsylvania  mined  51,000,000  tons 
of  anthracite,  —  about  140,000  tons  per  day,  —  and  in  ad- 
dition she  mined  71,000,000  tons  of  bituminous  coal,  or 
122,000,000  tons  in  all. 

The  entire  coal  output  of  the  whole  United  States  for 
the  year  1900  was  240,965,917  tons.  It  will  be  seen, 
therefore,  that  the  single  state  of  Pennsylvania  furnished 


INDUSTRIES  OF  PENNSYLVANIA  35 

more  than  one-half  the  whole  amount.  During  the  last 
twenty-one-  years  Pennsylvania  has  averaged  55  per  cent 
of  the  total  output  in  the  United  States. 
--^A  little  illustration  will  help  us  to  understand  what  an 
enormous  mass  of  coal  is  represented  by  the  figures  just 
given.  From  Philadelphia  to  Pittsburg  the  distance  is, 
following  the  tracks  of  the  Pennsylvania  railroad,  354 
miles.  If  the  anthracite  mined  in  Pennsylvania  during 
the  year  1900  were  dumped  evenly  along  one  side  of  the 
tracks,  all  the  way  from  Philadelphia  to  Pittsburg,  it 
would  make  a  wall  41  feet  high  and  41  feet  wide.  From 
the  windows  of  your  car,  your  only  chance  to  see  over  the 
great  walls  and  catch  a  glimpse  of  the  green  fields  beyond 
would  be  when  crossing  a  bridge,  or  when  running  along 
some  high  embankment. 

What  an  amazing  growth  since  182,0 !     What  a  change 
since  the  days  of  1240 ! 

''when  men  first  began  to  use  coal,  it  did  not  require 
much  knowledge  or  skill  to  obtain  it.  The  coal  was  on 
or  near  the  surface,  and  a  pick  and  shovel  were  all  that 
were  required.  As  the  demand  for  coal  increased,  and  the 
beds  were  followed  into  the  earth,  coal-mining  grew  more 
and  more  difficult.  As  soon  as  the  mines  attained  any 
considerable  depth,  serious  obstacles  were  encountered. 
Water  came  into  the  mines  ;  this  must  be  pumped  out. 
The  air  was  foul ;  the  mines  must  be  ventilated.  The 
coal  is  deep  down  in  the  earth;  powerful  and  expensive 
hoisting  engines  were  needed  to  lift  it  to  the  surface. 
The  passageways  and  chambers  of  the  mine  were  in  dan- 
ger of  caving  in  ;  they  had  to  be  supported  by  timbers. 
It  was  not  always  easy  to  tell  where  coal  was  and  where 
it  was  not ;  the  geologist  was  called  in  to  settle  that  im- 


36 


PENNSYLVANIA 


portant  question.  Thus,  to-day,  coal-mining  has  become 
an  industry  which  demands  of  those  who  superintend  it 
scientific  and  mechanical  talent  of  a  high  order ;  of  those 
who  work  in  the  mines,  skilled  hands  and  brave  hearts. 

The  beds  of  bituminous  coal  in  Pennsylvania  are  noted 
for  their  regularity  and  their  nearly  horizontal  position. 
The  anthracite,  however,  is  found  at  all  angles  to  the  hori- 


FIG.  21. 
Coal  stripping  near  Hazleton,  Pa. 

zon,  having  been  tilted  from  the  horizontal  since  the  coal 
was  formed.  For  this  reason,  among  others,  the  engineer- 
ing skill  required  to  mine  anthracite  is  much  greater  than 
that  needed  to  mine  bituminous  coal. 

While  most  coal-mining  operations  of  to-day  are  carried 
on  far  beneath  the  surface,  it  should  be  remembered  that 
in  a  few  favored  localities  anthracite  is  mined  in  the  full 
glare  of  the  sun.  These  favorable  conditions  are  found 


INDUSTRIES   OF  PENNSYLVANIA  37 

in  the  vicinity  of  Hazleton  and  a  few  other  places.  In 
these  favored  spots,  beds  of  anthracite  with  only  a  thin 
covering  of  earth  upon  them  are  found.  Under  such  cir- 
cumstances the  thin  covering  of  earth  is  stripped  off,  and 
the  coal  is  then  mined  in  the  full  light  of  day.  Such 
operations  are  called  "  mining  by  stripping."  "  Stripping," 
however,  is  so  rare  that  it  is  regarded  as  a  curiosity. 

Ordinarily,  the  beds  of  coal  are  reached  either  by  slope 
or  by  shaft.  We  shall  first  explain  how  coal  is  mined  by 
means  of  a  slope. 

We  have  said  that  beds  of  anthracite  generally  rest  in 
an  inclined  position.  These  inclined  beds  often  reach  the 
surface.  Having  found  the  line  along  which  the  anthra- 
cite comes  to  the  surface,  the  mining  engineer  excavates 
a  passage  right  down  through  the  coal.  Such  a  passage 
is  called  a  slope.  The  pitch  of  the  slope  is  just  the  same  as 
that  of  the  coal-bed,  and  may  be  steep  or  gentle.  Slopes 
are  generally  made  from  16  to  22  feet  wide  and  7  feet  high 
—  a  pretty  big  hole  in  the  ground.  The  slope  is  commonly 
divided  into  three  compartments,  —  two  of  large  size  for 
raising  coal,  and  a  small  one  for  the  pumping  apparatus. 

Now,  at  the  outset,  it  must  be  understood  that  it  is  not 
safe  to  mine  out  all  the  coal  in  a  bed.  If  this  were  done 
the  roof  of  the  mine  would  fall  in,  and  that  would  be  the 
end  of  the  mine.  The  open  spaces  made  by  taking  out 
coal  are  called  breasts,  or  chambers,  and  the  long  walls  of 
undisturbed  coal  that  are  left  between  the  breasts  to  sup- 
port the  roof  are  called  pillars.  \  Pillar  does  not  seem  to 
be  a  very  good  name  for  what  is  really  a  wall,  but  it  is 
not  easy  to  change  old  names.  '  The  breasts  are  usually 
about  30  feet  wide,  and  the  pillars  20.  The  height  of  the 
breast  depends  upon  the  thickness  of  the  coal-bed. 


38  PENNS  YL  VAN  I  A 

The  accompanying  diagrams  will  make  this  kind  of 
mining  easily  understood. 

From  the  bottom  of  the  slope  you  see  a  passage  extend- 
ing to  the  right  and  left.  Such  a  passage  is  called  a  gang- 
way. It  is  about  8  feet  high  and  10  feet  wide.  On  each 
side  of  the  slope  and  gangway  you  will  notice  heavy  walls 
of  coal.  These  walls  are  left  to  prevent  the  coal  from  cav- 
ing in  arid  destroying  these  important  passages.  Indeed, 


FIG.  22. 
I.  Breasts  and  pillars. 

the  pillars  themselves  have,  as  a  rule,  to  be  supported  by 
very  strong  timbering,  the  nature  of  which  may  be  seen  in 
Fig.  22,  II. 

The  light  spaces  are  the  breasts  from  which  the  miners 
have  taken  the  coal ;  the  dark  spaces  are  pillars.  As  the 
miner  loosens  the  coal  in  the  breasts,  it  runs  down  by  its 
own  weight  to  the  gangway,  where  it  is  received  in  cars 
and  drawn  by  mules  to  the  foot  of  the  slope.  From  this 
point  it  is  drawn  up  the  slope  by  a  hoisting  engine  located 
at  the  surface. 


INDUSTRIES   OF  PENNSYLVANIA 


39 


The  arrows  show  the  directions  taken  by  the  air  currents 
forced  through  the  mine  by  a  powerful  ventilating  fan.  The 
air  travels  to  the  end  of  the  gangway,  then  enters  the  most  re- 
mote breast,  passes  up  one  side  of  it  through  an  airway  con- 
structed for  that  purpose,  crosses  the  front  of  the  breast  where 
the  miners  are  at  work,  goes  down  the  other  side,  passes  through 
a  small  opening  in  the  pillar,  crosses  the  front  of  the  next  breast, 
and  so  on  until  finally,  having  done  its  work,  it  escapes  through 
the  airway. 


FIG.  22. 
II.  Gangway. 

The  first  gangway  is  usually  driven  about  300  feet  from 

the  surface.     The  coal  above  this  is  called  a  lift.     When 

one  lift  has  been  mined,  the  slope  is  driven  down  about 

300  feet  farther,  another  gangway  is  constructed,  and  the 

,  next  lift  is  mined. 

There  are  two  good  reasons  for  commencing  at  the  gang- 
way and  working  upward  upon  the  bed.  (1)  If  the  miner 
should  begin  at  the  top  and  work  down  the  bed,  separate 


40  PENNSYLVANIA 

pumping  and  hoisting  apparatus  would  be  needed  for  each 
breast.  (2)  By  commencing  at  the  top  the  miner  would 
be  compelled  to  handle  the  coal  more  or  less.  Beginning 
at  the  bottom,  the  coal  runs  down  the  breast  and  into  the 
car  standing  in  the  gangway. 

The  chief  difference  between  a  shaft  and  a  slope  is  that 
the  former  descends  vertically  into  the  earth,  while  the 
latter  does  not.  Shafts  vary  in  size  ;  but  12  feet  x  30 
feet  may  be  taken  as  average  dimensions  for  the  mouth, 
and  they  frequently  descend  to  great  depths.  One  at 
Pottsville,  Schuylkill  County,  is  1600  feet  (nearly  one- 
third  of  a  mile)  deep.  To  sink  such  a  shaft  costs  years 
of  time  and  much  money.  You  may  be  certain  it  is  not 
located  in  a  haphazard  manner.  This  is  a  problem  for  the 
scientific  engineer. 

When  the  shaft  reaches  the  coal,  the  gangway  is  driven 
to  the  right  and  the  left,  and  the  work  of  mining  is  prac- 
tically the  same  as  it  is  when  the  coal  is  reached  by  a  slope. 
Gangways  frequently  extend  for  several  miles  from  the 
foot  of  the  shaft  or  slope. 

x'Because  of  the  dust,  mining  coal  is  dirty  work.  When 
a  miner  has  finished  a  day's  work,  he  is  very  black.  Then, 
too,  a  miner's  life  is  a  laborious  one,  and  is  full  of  danger. 
Powder  must  be  used  to  blast  out  the  coal,  and  there  is 
always  danger  in  powder.  Roof-falls  are  also  fruitful 
sources  of  accidents.  Then  there  is  the  fire  damp,  an  ex- 
plosive gas  that  is  very  dangerous.  IH.  M.  Chance,  in  his 
"  Coal  Mining,"  Pennsylvania  Second  Geological  Survey, 
estimates  that  one  life  is  lost  for  each  100,000  tons  mined. \ 

Anthracite  coal  as  it  comes  from  the  mines  is  not  ready 
for  our  stoves  and  furnaces.  It  is  full  of  "  slate  "  and 
other  impurities  that  must  be  removed.  Then,  too,  it 


INDUSTRIES   OF  PENNSYLVANIA  41 

must  be  broken  and  assorted  into  grades  of  nearly  uniform 
size.  All  this  work  is  done  in  a  large,  high  building 
called  a  breaker,  which  is  placed  near  the  mouth  of  the 
mine.  Breakers  are  expensive,  a  good  one,  including 
machinery,  costing  about  $100,000.  This  expense  is  not 
incurred  in  mining  bituminous  coal,  for  it  is  so  soft  that  a 
breaker  is  unnecessary. 


FIG.  23. 

Coal  breaker  at  Drifton,  near  Hazleton,  Pa.     Notice  the  little  mountain  of 
culm  iu  the  background. 

When  a  car  of  anthracite  comes  from  the  mine,  it  is  at  once 
run  to  the  breaker  and  dumped  into  a  chute  formed  of  par- 
allel bars  of  iron,  placed  about  four  inches  apart.  The  small 
coal,  dirt,  and  pieces  of  rock  are  screened  out,  but  the  large 
pieces  of  coal  pass  on  to  a  machine,  the  essential  parts  of  which 
are  sets  of  strong  rollers  with  projecting  teeth.  This  machine 
breaks  up  the  coal,  and  like  the  building  in  which  it  is  located, 
it,  too,  is  called  a  breaker. 

After  passing  through  the  machine,  the  coal  is  thoroughly 
screened  so  that  each  size  —  broken,  egg,  large  stove,  small 
stove,  etc.  —  is  kept  by  itself.  While  passing  along  the  chutes 
to  the  pockets  from  which  the  coal  is  drawn  off  into  the  cars 


42 


PENNSYLVANIA 


for  shipment,  boys,  and  old  men  who  are  too  feeble  to  perform 
hard  labor,  pick  out  the  slate. 


FIG.  24. 

Fifteen  hundred  tons  of  coal  on  way  from  mines  of  Coxe  Brothers  to  Perth 
Amboy.    The  scenery  here  is  characteristic  of  the  coal  regions. 

The   slate   picker   commonly   sits   astride   the   chute   on  a 
board  seat,  keeps  his  eyes  on  the  moving  stream  of  slate  and 

coal,  and  dexterously  seiz- 
ing  the  former,  throws  it 

'-/  ''•  I !  JLiii^^^^BH    out-     The  "  breaker  boy  " 

is  an  interesting  charac- 
ter about  the  mines.  His 
work,  though  not  labori- 
ous, is  dirty  and  monoto- 
nous. The  dust  in  a  coal 
breaker  is  often  so  dense 
that  lamps  must  be  used 
at  midday. 


Fia.  25. 

Spirals  or  mechanical  slate  pickers.     (By 
courtesy  of  the  North  American.) 


Some  machines  have 
been  invented  to  pick  the 
slate,  but  they  have  not 


INDUSTRIES   OF  PENNSYLVANIA 


\ 


43 


yet  displaced  the  boys  to  any  great  extent.U  Quite  recently  a 
mechanical  slate  picker,  called  a  spiral,  has  been  constructed 
for  the  purpose  of  replacing  the  hands  and  eyes  of  the  breaker 
boy.  The  spiral  works  upon  the  principle  of  centrifugal  force. 
Coal  and  slate  start  down  the  spiral  together,  but  since  the 
coal  is  lighter  than 
the  slate,  the  former  is 
thrown  farther  from 
the  centre  than  the 
latter,  and  thus  are 
they  separated. 


Iron  and  Steel  In- 
dustry. -  -  In  the 
manufacture  of  iron 
and  steel,  Pennsyl- 
vania leads  the 
world.  Within  her 
borders  in  1900  were 
291  establishments 
producing  iron  and 
steel,  and  giving 
employment  to  an 
army  of  110,864 
wage-earners.  The 
products  of  the  blast 
furnaces,  rolling 
mills,  and  steel 
works  for  this  one 
year  were  valued  at 


FIG.  26. 

Real  Estate  Trust  Company  building,  Broad  and 
Chestnut  streets,  Philadelphia. 


1434,445,200,  — 23.7  per  cent  of  the  total  products  of  the 
state,  and  more  than  three  and  a  half  times  the  value  of 
all  the  gold  and  silver  yielded  by  the  mines  of  the  United 
States  in  1900.  Of  all  the  iron  and  steel  produced  in  the 


44 


PENNS  YL  VAN  I  A 


FIG.  27. 

Pennsylvania  railroad  bridge  over  the  Delaware  River,   Philadelphia.     A 
bridge  remarkable  for  weight  and  strength. 

United  States   during  the  year  1900  Pennsylvania   pro- 
duced more  than  one  half,  —  54  per  cent. 

Not  only  are  steel  and  iron  extracted  from  the  ore  with- 
in the  state,  but  her  manufacturers  and  engineers  use  these 


FIG.  28. 
The  Atbara  River  Bridge. 


in  the  construction  of  ships,  bridges,  locomotives,  electrical 
apparatus,  cars,  sky-scraping  buildings,  and  a  thousand 
other  things. 


INDUSTRIES   OF  PENNSYLVANIA  45 

One  or  two  illustrations  will  show  how  the  world  prizes 
steel  and  engineering  skill  from  Pennsylvania.  The  steel 
bridge  over  the  Atbara  River  in  the  Soudan,  Africa,  is  a 
fine  exemplification  of  the  triumphs  of  American  industry 
and  engineering.  The  celerity  with  which  this  bridge 
was  manufactured  and  shipped  from  the  Pencoyd  Works 
of  the  American  Bridge  Company  at  Philadelphia  is  a  fact 
well  known  in  two  continents,  the  whole  time  spent  on 


FIG.  29. 
Drawing-room,  Baldwin's  Locomotive  Works. 

the  contract  amounting  to  about  one-sixth  of  that  re- 
quested by  some  of  the  competing  English  firms.  Our 
success  in  this  matter  "  took  away  the  breath "  of  our 
English  cousins.  The  Hawkesbury  River  Bridge  in  Aus- 
tralia is  another  illustration  of  how  Pennsylvania  steel  in 
the  form  of  bridges  is  finding  its  way  around  the  world. 

Locomotives,  too,  from  Baldwin's  great  works  in  Phila- 
delphia, where  nine  thousand  employees  turn  out  four 
locomotives  a  day,  are  found  in  all  parts  of  the  world. 


46  PENNSYLVANIA 

"When  any  nation  needs  the  finest  steel  ships,  she  comes 
to  Cramp's  yards,  Philadelphia.  These  are  the  merest 
hints  of  the  magnitude  and  importance  of  Pennsylvania's 
iron  and  steel  industry. 

The  first  successful  attempt  to  manufacture  iron  in 
Pennsylvania,  of  which  we  have  any  record,  was  made  by 
Thomas  Rutter  in  1716,  at  Pool  Forge  on  Manatawny 
Creek,  about  three  miles  above  Pottstown.  Although 
Pennsylvania  was  not  the  first  colony  to  manufacture  iron, 
the  industry  was  well  established  here  long  before  the 
Revolution.  As  early  as  1756  Pennsylvania  was  declared 
to  be  "  the  most  advanced  of  all  the  American  colonies  in 
regard  to  its  iron  works." 

While  Pennsylvania  takes  first  place  in  the  manufacture 
of  steel  and  iron,  she  takes  fifth  rank  in  the  production  of 
iron  ore.  Michigan  and  Minnesota  are  to-day  the  great 
producers  of  the  raw  material ;  but  since  they  do  not  have 
the  coal  for  reducing  the  ore,  they  send  most  of  it  to  Penn- 
sylvania for  that  purpose.  With  the  opening  of  the  Sault 
Ste.  Marie  Canal,  in  1855,  began  the  trade  in  Lake  Su- 
perior iron  ore,  which  has  to-day  assumed  such  vast  pro- 
portions. One  Pennsylvania  steel  company  has  recently 
built  its  own  railroad,  connecting  its  works  at  Pittsburg 
with  Lake  Erie. 

Eastern  Pennsylvania  was  at  first  the  principal  seat  of 
the  iron  industry  in  the  state.  Here  were  the  immense 
deposits  of  fine  magnetic  iron  ore  in  the  Cornwall  hills 
near  Lebanon.  Up  to  1840  charcoal  was  the  fuel  used  in 
the  iron  furnaces,  and  this  could  be  procured  anywhere 
in  abundance.  But  about  this  time  anthracite  coal  was 
largely  substituted  for  charcoal,  and  for  years  was  much 
more  important  in  the  manufacture  of  iron  than  bituini- 


INDUSTRIES   OF  PENNSYLVANIA 


47 


nous  coal.  Since  1875,  however,  this  relation  has  been 
reversed.  Coke  is  now  the  chief  fuel  in  the  production  of 
pig  iron.  The  change  from  charcoal  and  anthracite  to 
coke,  the  presence  of  natural  gas  in  the  western  part  of 
the  state,  and  the  cheap  transportation  for  the  fine  Lake 
Superior  ores,  are  causes  which  have  shifted  the  centre 
of  the  iron  industry  to 
Pittsburg  and  its  vicin- 
ity. 

Not  only  has  the  fuel 
changed  with  the  pas- 
sage of  the  years,  but 
there  have  been  vast 
improvements  in  other 
directions.  One  of  the 
most  recent  is  the  new 
method  of  casting  the 
"  pigs."  Formerly,  when 
the  furnace  was  tapped, 
the  molten  iron  was  run 
out  into  a  great  network 
of  sand  moulds.  Hav- 
ing cooled  here,  the 
iron  was  broken  up  into 
pieces  of  suitable  size, 
and  after  much  lifting, 
wheeling,  and  carrying, 


FIG.  30. 


A  modern  blast  furnace,  "The  Warwick," 
Pottstown,  Pa.  Capacity  500  tons  every 
24  hours.  Ore,  fuel,  and  flux  are  carried 
up  the  inclined  plane  on  the  right.  Draft 
chimney  on  left,  220  feet  high.  The 
four  enormous  cylinders  next  to  the 
chimney  are  the  "  hot  blast  stoves." 


the  "  pigs  "  were  depos- 
ited in  cars  ready  for  shipment.  Now,  by  the  latest  and 
best  method,  the  iron  runs  from  the  furnace  into  cars  of 
peculiar  construction.  These  cars  are  called  ladles,  and 
are  each  capable  of  holding  about  eighteen  tons  of  melted 


48 


PENNSYLVANIA 


iron.     The  ladles  are  at  once  run  to  the  casting  machine, 
which  consists,  essentially,  of  a  series  of  cast-iron  moulds 


FIG.  31. 
Iron  running  from  furnace  into  "  ladle." 

attached  to  an  endless  chain.  As  the  moulds  move  slowly 
beneath  the  mouth  of  the  tilted  ladle,  the  iron  runs  into 
them.  The  "  pigs "  soon  solidify,  and  when  the  chain, 


FIG.  32. 

View  of  the  "casting  machine."  In  the  background  at  the  right  the  liquid 
iron  is  seen  running  into  the  moulds.  In  the  foreground  is  the  cold  water 
tank.  On  the  left  is  a  car  waiting  for  the  "  pigs." 

reaching  the  farther  end  of  the  casting  machine,  inverts 
the  moulds,  the  "  pigs,"  still  very  hot,  but  no  longer  liquid, 


INDUSTRIES   OF  PENNSYLVANIA 


49 


drop  upon  another  endless  chain  which  carries  them  first 
slowly  through  a  tank  of  cold  water,  and  then  up  an 
incline  from  which  they 
slide  down  into  the  car 
waiting  to  receive  them. 
It  will  be  seen  that 
the  "pigs"  have  not 
been  touched  by  a  man. 
All  the  work  has  been 
done  by  steam  and  grav- 
ity. The  "  pigs  "  weigh 
about  125  pounds  each, 
and  are  free  .  from  the 
sand  which  adhered  to 
the  old-fashioned  pig  iron.  Those  who  live  in  the  vicinity 
of  a  modern  iron  furnace  may,  by  day  and  by  night,  hear 
the  clatter  of  the  "  pigs  "  as  they  drop  into  the  car. 


FIG.  33. 

Interior  view  of  "ladle."    It  is  lined  with 
fire-brick. 


FIG.  34. 

Nearer  view  of  inclined  plane,  which  carries  "  pigs  "  to  car.    One  "  pig  "  is 
seen  dropping  into  car. 

E 


50  PENNS  YL  VANIA 

» 
Textile  Industry.  —  The  manufacture  of  textiles  stands 

next  to  steel  and  iron  in  importance.  In  1900  there  were 
in  Pennsylvania  1102  establishments  engaged  in  the  manu- 
facture of  textiles.  More  than  100,000  wage-earners  were 
employed  in  these  plants,  and  the  value  of  the  products 
was,  in  round  numbers,  $159,000,000. 

Silk.  —  Of  the  several  branches  included  in  the  textile 
industry,  the  manufacture  of.  silk  stands  first  in  the  value 
of  products.  In  1880  Pennsylvania  stood  fifth  in  the 
United  States  in  the  value  of  silk  produced ;  in  1900  she 
ranked  second,  producing  29  per  cent  of  all  the  silk  pro- 
duced in  this  country.  Any  observing  traveller  in  Penn- 
sylvania must  have  been  impressed  with  the  large  number 
of  silk  mills  that  have  been  erected  recently.  Philadel- 
phia, Scranton,  Allentown,  and  Easton  are  leaders  in  the 
manufacture  of  silk.  In  1900,  however,  there  were  sev- 
enty-two towns  and  cities  in  Pennsylvania  which  were 
engaged  in  this  industry. 

Cotton.  —  The  manufacture  of  cotton  goods  is  carried  on 
most  extensively  in  Philadelphia  and  Chester.  Wilkes- 
barre,  however,  has  the  honor  of  introducing  the  manu- 
facture of  "  Nottingham  lace  "  into  the  state.  This  she 
did  in  1886.  Between  1891  and  1896,  plants  for  the 
manufacture  of  this  lace  were  built  in  Philadelphia,  Scran- 
ton,  and  Columbia.  In  1899  the  Wilkesbarre  plant  manu- 
factured nearly  900,000  pairs  of  Nottingham  curtains.  In 
1899  there  were  only  nine  lace  plants  in  the  United  States, 
and  of  this  number  Pennsylvania  had  seven. 

Woollen  Goods.  — Pennsylvania  ranks  second  in  the  manu- 
facture of  woollen  goods.  This  industry  was  early  estab- 
lished by  English  settlers  on  the  banks  of  the  Schuylkill, 
and  in  the  year  1900  the  industry  was  carried  on  almost 


INDUSTRIES   OF  PENNSYLVANIA  51 

entirely  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia.  The  woollen  mills 
of  this  city  excel  in  a  number  of  products,  but  they  are 
especially  famed  for  their  women's  dress  goods.  Indeed, 
no  city  in  America  pretends  to  compete  with  Philadelphia 
in  this  particular. 

Nearly  one-half  (48  per  cent)  of  all  the  carpet  manu- 
factured in  the  United  States  is  made  in  Philadelphia. 
Before  the  Revolution  carpets  were  rarely  seen  in  this 
country;  to-day  they  are  found  in  almost  every  home. 
When  we  understand  that  cutting  and  sewing  the  rags, 
and  preparing  the  warp  for  fifty  yards  of  rag  carpet,  cost 
a  woman  four  or  five  months  of  hard  work,  we  are  not 
surprised  to  learn  that  many  of  our  grandparents  were 
well  satisfied  to  eat  and  sleep  in  rooms  with  bare  floors. 
A  Philadelphia  power  loom,  costing  about  8450,  will  to-day 
weave  fifty  yards  of  Brussels  carpet  in  a  single  day  of  ten 
hours.  In  a  single  room  you  may  see  scores  of  such  looms 
at  work  at  once. 

Messrs.  John  and  James  Dobson,  of  Philadelphia,  em- 
ploy 5300  persons  in  the  manufacture  of  carpet.  To  run 
the  machinery  of  this  plant  requires  100  tons  of  coal  each 
day.  These  manufacturers  even  make  their  own  looms, 
some  of  which,  weaving  rugs  three  yards  wide,  are  worth 
$1600  each.  The  wool  used  is  imported  from  northern 
Europe  and  other  cold  countries,  because  wool  grown  in  a 
cold  climate  is  best  adapted  to  the  manufacture  of  carpet. 
Measuring  machines,  working  with  great  celerity  and  accu- 
racy, measure  the  miles  upon  miles  of  carpet  that  are  here 
produced. 

Leather  Industry.  — In  the  tanning,  currying,  and  finish- 
ing of  leather  Pennsylvania  takes  first  rank  in  the  United 
States.  The  magnitude  of  this  industry  appears  when  we 


52 


PENNS  YL  VANIA 


learn  that  it  stands  fourth  in  the  manufacturing  industries 
of  the  state  (steel  and  iron,  textiles,  and  foundry  and  ma- 
chine-shop products  occupying  the  first  three  places),  and 
that  its  annual  products  are  worth  over  $55,000,000. 

Philadelphia  is  a  great  centre  for  this  industry.  Tioga, 
Elk,  Pottev,  and  Clearfield  counties  are  the  other  most  im- 
portant centres.  The 
Cowanesque  Tan- 
nery, Tioga  County, 
uses  annually  in  the 
manufacture  of  sole 
leather  7000  tons  of 
hemlock  bark.  A 
ton  of  bark  will  tan 
about  400  pounds  of 
sole  leather.  The 
whole  world  is  called 
upon  to  supply  the 
hides  that  are  needed 
by  the  manufactur- 
ers of  the  state. 

Refining  Sugar. — 
In  Pennsylvania  this 
industry  is  confined 
to  Philadelphia,  be- 
cause the  raw  sugar 
comes  by  water  from 
the  West  Indies,  the  East  Indies,  and  other  sources.  In  1900 
there  were  in  Philadelphia  seven  establishments  engaged 
in  refining  sugar  and  molasses.  The  value  of  the  prod- 
ucts was  over  $36,000,000.  The  great  tall  refineries  along 
the  Delaware  must  attract  the  attention  of  any  visitor. 


FIG.  35. 
Among  the  hemlocks,  Sullivan  County,  Pa. 


INDUSTRIES   OF  PENNSYLVANIA 


53 


FIG.  36. 
Hemlock  bark,  Cowanesque  Tannery,  Tioga  County,  Pa. 

If  you  are  fortunate  enough  to  have  a  pass  admitting 
you  to  one  of  these  refineries,  you  will  get  an  indelible 
impression  of  the  importance  and  the  magnitude  of  these 
truly  wonderful  places.  You  will  see  enormous  storage 
sheds  filled  with  the  muscovado,  or  raw  sugar.  Here  you 
will  see  little  electric  engines  busy  as  bees,  some  taking 
muscovado  in,  and  others  bringing  it  out  to  be  refined. 
You  will  see  two  men,  each  with  a  sharp  knife  in  his  hand, 
standing  over  a  grating  in  the  floor.  Quickly,  two  men, 
each  with  a  big  bag  of  muscovado  on  a  truck,  rush  to  the 
opening  in  the  floor  and  throw  the  bags  from  the  truck  to 
the  grating.  Like  a  flash  the  men  with  knives  rip  the 
bags  open  from  end  to  end,  and  their  contents,  falling  be- 
tween the  bars  into  an  enormous  vat  of  hot  water,  are  soon 
reduced  to  the  liquid  form.  A  group  of  men  with  trucks 
keep  the  men  with  knives  busy,  and  thus  the  work  of 
liquefying  the  muscovado  goes  on  with  a  rush. 


54  PENNS  YL  VAN  I  A 

Powerful  pumps  now  force  this  sweet  liquid  to  the  high- 
est story  of  the  lofty  building.  Here  it  runs  into  hun- 
dreds of  stout  linen  bags  hanging  in  a  vertical  position. 
The  liquid  passes  through  the  bags,  but  flies,  bees,  sticks, 
and  many  other  foreign  substances  are  left  behind.  Now 
the  yellow  liquid,  looking  like  river  water  after  a  rain,  is 
filtered  through  bone-black,  or  charred  bone.  This  bone- 
black  is  placed  in  great  cylindrical  vessels  about  twenty 
feet  in  height  and  several  feet  in  diameter.  One  of  these 
cylinders  will  hold  fifty  tons  of  bone-black,  and  a  single 
refinery  may  use  a  hundred  or  more  of  them.  When  the 
liquid  sugar  runs  out  at  the  base  of  one  of  these  gigantic 
cylinders,  it  is  as  clear  as  the  purest  spring  water,  and  is 
ready  for  the  vacuum  pan.  Here  it  is  boiled  in  a  partial 
vacuum,  because  such  boiling  is  not  only  cheaper  than 
boiling  under  atmospheric  pressure,  but  it  produces  a  much 
finer  grade  of  sugar. 

From  the  vacuum  pan,  the  sugar,  in  the  form  of  thick 
paste,  passes  down  to  the  next  floor  where  the  wonderful 
centrifugal  machines  receive  it.  These  machines,  making 
about  1400  revolutions  a  minute,  quickly  fling  out  the 
syrup  which  is  mixed  with  the  sugar,  and  the  latter  is 
then  allowed  to  drop  to  the  floor  below,  whence,  by  means 
of  belts,  it  is  carried  to  the  warehouse,  in  which  it  is  finally 
packed  for  market.  The  syrup  thrown  out  by  the  centrif- 
ugal machines  is,  you  may  be  sure,  not  lost.  It  is  converted 
into  molasses.  A  sugar  refinery,  like  a  blast  furnace,  runs 
night  and  day.  The  largest  establishments  refine  several 
thousand  barrels  every  day. 

Petroleum.1  —  Within  the  memory  of  men  not  fifty  years 
old,  petroleum  has  passed  from  a  medicinal  curiosity  to  a 

1  From  petra,  a  rock,  and  oleum,  oil,  or  rock  oil. 


OIL  ASD  6AS  FIELDS  OF  WESTEB.N  PESXSYLVASU. 


INDUSTRIES  OF  PENNSYLVANIA 


55 


product  of  supreme  importance.  When  the  "  forty-niners" 
rushed  pell-mell  to  California  for  gold,  they  unconsciously 
left  behind  them,  under  the  mighty  rock  masses  of  the 
Appalachians,  something  more  valuable  —  petroleum. 

In  1859  Edwin  L.  Drake,  generally  called  Colonel 
Drake,  struck  oil  on  "  Watson's  Flats,"  just  below  Titus- 
ville  in  Crawford  County.  As 
a  curiosity,  which  with  much 
trouble  might  be  gathered  in 
small  quantities,  petroleum  had 
been  known  for  hundreds  of 
years.  Indeed,  it  was  found  on 
the  shores  of  the  Dead  Sea 
1700  B.C.,  and  it  was  not  un- 
known to  the  early  Egyptians. 
Colonel  Drake,  however,  was 
the  first  man,  at  least  in  modern 
times,  to  drill  a  well  for  oil. 

You    may    be    certain    there 
were  many  persons  in  1859  who  FIG.  37. 

regarded    Colonel    Drake   very  Edwin  L.  Drake, 

much  as  the  courts  of  Europe  looked  upon  Columbus 
when  he  tried  to  convince  them  that  the  world  is  round. 
Columbus  was  regarded  as  a  crazy  adventurer  ;  so,  too, 
was  Colonel  Drake.  But  E.  L.  Drake  had  a  will  not 
unlike  that  which  dwelt  in  Columbus,  in  Napoleon,  in 
Grant.  Amidst  struggles  and  discouragements  that  would 
have  overwhelmed  ordinary  men,  Colonel  Drake  kept  the 
steel  chisel  of  his  drill  at  work. 

At  last,  on  Saturday  afternoon,  August  28,  1859,  came 
the  cry  of  "  Oil !  oil ! "  Then  those  who  had  ridiculed  the 
colonel,  those  who  had  said  he  was  throwing  good  money 


56 


PENNSYLVANIA 


into  a  mere  hole  in  the  ground,  made  a  mad  rush  to  put 
some  of  their  money  into  holes  just  like  his.  This  was 
the  beginning  of  an  industry  which  has  done  so  much  for 
the  comfort  and  convenience  of  modern  civilization,  and 
which  is  adding  untold  millions  to  the  wealth  of  the  world. 
Before  Colonel  Drake  taught  the  world  how  to  obtain 
oil  in  large  quantities,  it  was  laboriously  collected  in  a 
small  way.  Here  and  there  the  oil  was  seen  floating  on 


FIG.  38. 

Wiggin's  Hotel.    Shows  crowd  of  pumpers,  drillers,  and  teamsters  waiting  for 
dinner.    No  complaints  of  "hard  times "  here. 

water,  from  the  surface  of  which  it  was  absorbed  by 
blankets.  These,  when  wrung  out,  would  furnish  clear 
oil.  By  this  primitive  method,  employed  by  the  Indians 
and  the  early  white  settlers,  one  might,  perhaps,  in  a 
month,  collect  a  barrel  of  oil.  The  Seneca  Indians  col- 
lected the  oil  in  this  way,  and  hence  petroleum  in  its 
earlier  history  was  known  as  "  Seneca  Oil."  Applying 
the  oil  externally,  the  Indians  used  it  for  headache,  tooth- 
ache, and  rheumatism. 


INDUSTRIES   OF  PENNSYLVANIA 


57 


As  early  as  1845  petroleum  was  used  as  a  lubricant,  as 
a  medicine  for  both  man  and  beast,  and  last,  but  not  least, 
as  a  source  of  light.  The  world  was  sadly  in  need  of 
something  better  than  the  tallow  candle  and  snuffers,  and 
this  need  was  filled  by  kerosene  and  the  modern  lamp. 

In  the  early  days  of  the  industry  petroleum  was  trans- 
ported in  strong  barrels  made  of  oak  hooped  with  iron. 
When  this  method  became  too  slow,  flat  cars  carrying  two 
huge  wooden  tubs  were  used.  After  the  wooden  tubs 
came  the  great  cylindrical  cars,  holding  about  5000 
gallons  each,  with  which  many  school  children  are  familiar. 


FIG.  39. 
Pumping  station,  Titusville,  Pa. 

But  the  time  soon  came  when  even  these  cars  were  not 
equal  to  the  work  to  be  done.  Then  it  was  that  the 
American  engineers  taught  the  world  how  to  transport 
petroleum.  It  must,  they  said,  be  pumped  through  pipes 
—  an  idea  that  challenged  the  admiration  of  the  world. 

In  1862  a  bill  authorizing  the  construction  of  a  line  from 
Oil  Creek  to  Kittanning  was  introduced  at  Harrisburg, 
but  the  active  opposition  of  those  engaged  in  teaming  oil 


58  PENNS  YL  VA  NIA 

prevented  its  passage.  The  first  successful  pipe  line  was 
put  down  at  Titusville.  It  was  only  four  miles  long,  and 
carried  only  eighty  barrels  of  oil  per  day,  but  it  demon- 
strated the  possibility  of  transporting  oil  in  this  manner. 
In  spite  of  opposition  from  the  owners  and  drivers  of  oil 
wagons,  other  lines  followed.  The  opponents  of  the  pipe 
line,  however,  were  bitter  and  determined.  They  cut  the 
lines,  set  fire  to  the  tanks,  and  even  threatened  the  lives 
of  the  pipe-line  men.  How  ignorance  stands  out  against 
progress  is  an  old,  old  story,  and  one  that  will  probably 
never  end. 

The  growth  of  pipe  lines  was  slow.  At  first  oil  was 
pumped  only  to  refineries  in  the  oil  regions.  But  after 
a  time  enthusiasm  arose,  and  men  began  to  talk  boldly 
about  pumping  oil  to  the .  seaboard.  Wonderful  as  this 
seemed  a  few  years  ago,  it  is  now  regarded  as  a  matter  of 
course.  To-day  the  trunk  pipe  lines  carrying  Pennsyl- 
vania petroleum  are  thousands  of  miles  in  length.  The 
pipe  used  in  these  great  lines  must  be  very  strong.  It  is 
tested,  therefore,  to  withstand  a  pressure  of  1000  pounds 
to  the  square  inch. 

At  each  pumping  station  there  are  two  or  more  storage 
tanks  of  from  30,000  to  50,000  barrels  capacity.  While 
oil  is  being  received  in  one  tank,  it  is  being  pumped  for- 
ward from  the  other.  Pumping  stations  are  located  thirty 
miles  or  more  apart.  To  provide  against  accidents,  and 
to  give  opportunity  for  repairs,  duplicate  engines  are  sup- 
plied to  each  station.  Night  and  day,  summer  and  winter, 
over  mountain  and  across  river,  these  engines  force  for- 
ward a  stream  of  oil  to  the  distant  refineries. 

To  locate  these  refineries  properly  requires  good  judg- 
ment. A  mistake  in  this  matter  would  be  fatal.  If  the 


INDUSTRIES  OF  PENNSYLVANIA 


59 


oil  is  intended  for  export,  the  refinery  must  be  situated 
so  that  large  sea-going  vessels  may  receive  their  cargoes 
at  wharves  immediately  adjacent  to  the  works.  There 
must  also  be  railroad  facilities,  even  when  the  oil  comes 
through  a  pipe  line,  for  securing  coal  and  other  supplies. 
The  great  refining  centres  in  Pennsylvania  are  Point 
Breeze  and  Thurlow.  Companies  refining  petroleum,  and 
those  manufacturing  sulphuric  acid  and  fertilizers,  find 


FIG.  40. 
Pumping  engine  in  the  station  at  Titusville,  Pa. 

it  to  their  mutual  advantage  to  be  located  in  the  same 
vicinity.  The  latter  purchase  from  the  former,  and  use 
in  the  manufacture  of  phosphate  the  great  quantities  of 
refuse  acid  discharged  from  the  refineries  daily. 

During  the  year  1900  Pennsylvania  produced  13,258,302 
barrels  of  crude  petroleum.  These  figures  represent  an 
amount  so  great  that  it  cannot  be  grasped  by  the  mind 
without  the  aid  of  illustration.  This  quantity  of  petro- 
leum would  fill  10,312  ordinary  schoolrooms  ;  and  these 


60 


PENNSYLVANIA 


rooms,  placed  end  to  end,  would  extend  fifty-eight  miles. 
If  this  petroleum  were  placed  in  a  cylindrical  pipe  three 
feet  in  diameter,  the  pipe  would  have  to  be  2017  miles 


FIG.  41. 

Petroleum  Centre,  Venango  County,  Pa.    A  typical  scene  in  the  oil  regions. 
How  many  wells  can  you  count  ? 

long  ;  and  if  the  pipe  were  only  three  inches  in  diameter, 
it  would  be  long  enough  to  extend  from  the  earth  to  the 
moon. 

Natural  Gas.  — Natural  gas  is  generally  found  associated 
with  petroleum,  and  is  a  remarkably  convenient  and  valu- 
able fuel  for  the  manufacture  of  glass,  iron,  and  steel.  It 
is  easily  distributed  in  pipes  to  places  many  miles  away. 
It  requires  no  shovelling,  and  there  are  neither  cinders  nor 
ashes.  In  Pennsylvania  in  1899  fifty  rolling  mills  and 


INDUSTRIES   OF  PENNSYLVANIA  61 

steel  works,  seventy-five  glass  works,  and  over  a  thousand 
other  establishments  were  using  this  unrivalled  fuel. 

The  natural  gas  produced  in  the  state  during  the  year 
1900  was  worth  about  $9,000,000.  The  petroleum  for  the 
same  period  was  worth  $18,088,016.  The  two  were 
together  worth  almost  as  much  as  Colorado's  gold  for  that 
year. 

The  Coke  Industry.  —  Pennsylvania  ranks  first  in  this 
industry.  In  the  year  1900  she  produced  62.6  per  cent 
of  all  the  coke  manufactured  in  the  United  States.  It 
was  worth  over  $22,000,000.  Most  of  this  coke  is  pro- 
duced in  the  vicinity  of  Connelsville,  Fayette  County, 
and  is  known  as  Connelsville  coke  —  the  finest  in  the 
world. 

Coke  is  made  by  burning  bituminous  coal  in  ovens  or 
retorts,  and  thus  removing  the  volatile  constituents.  Its 
chief  use  to-day  is  as  a  fuel  in  the  blast  furnace. 

The  Glass  Industry.  —  Pennsylvania  also  leads  in  the 
production  of  glass.  The  glass  which  she  manufactured 
in  1900  was  worth  almost  exactly  the  same  as  her  coke, 
and  more  than  three  times  as  much  as  the  glass  produced 
by  any  other  state.  Pennsylvania,  indeed,  has  commenced 
to  export  glass  to  Europe,  South  America,  Canada,  Aus- 
tralia, and  New  Zealand.  The  industry  is  most  extensively 
carried  on  in  the  western  part  of  the  state,  not  only  be- 
cause the  best  fuel,  natural  gas,  is  there,  but  because 
some  of  the  best  glass  sand  in  the  world  is  also  there. 
Then,  too,  as  if  nature  were  determined  that  nothing 
should  be  wanting,  there  is  an  abundance  of  excellent  fire- 
clay suitable  for  glass  furnaces  found  in  western  Pennsyl- 
vania and  eastern  Ohio. 


62 


CITIES  AND  TOWNS 


In  Pennsylvania  there  are  833  incorporated  cities  and 
boroughs.  Of  this  number,  160  have  each  a  population  of 
more  than  3000.  For  list  of  these,  see  table  in  Appendix. 
Referring  to  the  proper  table  in  the  Appendix,  see  how 
many  cities  in  Pennsylvania  have  more  than  25,000  in- 
habitants. How  many  have  over  100,000?  How  many 
have  over  1,000,000  ? 

PHILADELPHIA,  famed  for  her  schools,  colleges,  libra- 
ries, hospitals,  asylums,  and  scientific  societies,  is  one  of 


FIG.  42. 
Market  Street,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


the  greatest  cities  of  the  world.  It  is  23  miles  long 
and,  on  the  average,  5^  miles  wide.  The  population 
in  1900  was  1,293,697  —  just  about  one-fifth  of  the  entire 
population  of  the  state.  It  is  sometimes  called  the  "  City 


PHILADELPHIA 

AND  VICINITY. 

Places  are  displayed  same  as  on  the  State  Map, 


CITIES  AND   TOWNS 


63 


of  Homes,"  because  so  many  of  her  people  live  in  their 
own  houses.  Her  citizens  are  not  crowded  into  "  flats," 
but  they  live  in  rooms  that  open  to  the  outer  air  and  the 
health-giving  sunshine.  In  this  we  find  a  partial  ex- 
planation of  the  fact  that 
Philadelphia's  death- 
rate  is  one  of  the  lowest 
to  be  found  in  large 
cities. 

The  New  City  Hall.  - 
That  imposing  struc- 
ture, the  City  Hall,  built 
of  fine  Massachusetts 
marble,  stands  on  the 
very  spot  selected  by 
Penn  himself  in  1681 
for  the  future  "  town 
hall."  More  than  a  quar- 
ter of  a  century  of  time, 
and  nearly  twenty-five 
millions  of  dollars  were 
consumed  in  its  erec- 


FIG.  43. 
The  new  City  Hall. 

tion.  It  covers  an  area  of  four  and  one-half  acres,  and 
the  total  area  of  the  floor  space  is  fourteen  and  a  half 
acres.  It  is  one  of  the  largest  and  finest  public  buildings 
in  America. 

The  tower,  the  highest  in  the  world,  lifts  the  hat  of 
William  Penn,  whose  statue  crowns  it,  547  feet  11^  inches 
above  the  ground.  As  you  walk  or  ride  around  this 
magnificent  pile,  you  cannot  fail  to  observe  two  fine 
equestrian  statues :  the  one  is  that  of  General  George  B. 
McClellan,  the  other  that  of  General  John  F.  Reynolds. 


64  PENNSYLVANIA 

Here,  too,  you  will  see  a  statue  of  that  genuine  philan- 
thropist, Stephen  Girard. 

Fairmount  Park.  —  Philadelphians  are  naturally,  and 
justly, -proud  of  their  celebrated  park.  For  years  it  has 
been  growing  both  in  size  and  beauty.  It  now  contains 
3353  acres,  and,  with  one  exception,  the  Prater  in  Vienna, 
Austria,  is  the  largest  city  park  in  the  world.  The  fame 
of  Fairmount  Park  rests  upon  its  natural  beauty,  but 
many  noble  and  instructive  works  of  art  are  also  found 
here.  As  you  drive  through  the  park  you  come  unex- 
pectedly upon  beautiful  and  imposing  statues  of  Washing- 
ton, Lincoln,  Grant,  Meade,  Humboldt,  Columbus,  and 
other  great  men.  On  Lemon  hill  you  will  see  the  fine 
old  mansion  where  Robert  Morris  once  lived  and  enter- 
tained such  men  as  Franklin,  Washington,  and  Lafayette. 
Still  standing  along  the  Wissahickon  may  be  seen  the 
house  where  David  Rittenhouse,  Pennsylvania's  famous 
astronomer,  was  born.  Horticultural  Hall  and  Memorial 
Hall,  built  for  the  great  Centennial  Exposition  of  1876, 
are  still  standing  in  the  park.  The  former  is  now  used 
for  the  propagation  of  rare  and  valuable  plants,  while  the 
latter  is  occupied  by  the  highly  interesting  and  instructive 
exhibits  of  the  Pennsylvania  Museum  and  the  School  of 
Industrial  Art.  The  Zoological  Garden  is  also  found  in 
the  park.  It  is  the  largest  and  best  in  America,  and 
is  of  great  value  to  any  student  of  geography. 

Commercial  Museum.  —  Here  is  a  large  and  remarkably 
instructive  collection  of  raw  and  manufactured  products 
gathered  from  all  parts  of  the  world.  The  reputation  of 
the  Museum  is  high,  not  only  at  home,  but  in  foreign 
countries  as  well.  To  spend  a  day  there  is  worth  a  trip 
across  the  state.  The  Museum  is  at  present  located  at 
223  South  Fourth  Street. 


CITIES  AND   TOWNS 


65 


Academy  of  Natural  Sciences.  —  The  Academy  stands  at 
the  corner  of  19th  and  Race  streets.  There  is  no  better* 
place  for  the  study  of  certain  phases  of  geography.  Here 
you  will  find  very  large  and  well-arranged  collections  of 
minerals  and  birds.  There  are  also  some  remarkable 
geological  specimens  here  which,  once  seen,  can  never  be 
forgotten.  Admission  is  free. 

The  Harbor.  —  No  visitor  to  Philadelphia  should  fail  to 
visit  the  Delaware  River  front.  Here  you  see  ships, 


FIG.  44. 
Launching  of  the  "Iowa  "  at  Cramp's  shipyard,  Philadelphia. 

sailors,  and  cargoes  from  all  parts  of  the  world.  Here 
you  catch  hints  of  the  city's  commercial  life  that  are  not 
revealed  elsewhere.  Here,  too,  you  realize  why  the  Dela- 
ware is  called  "the  Clyde  of  America."  You  are  thus 
helped  to  understand  the  supreme  importance  of  the 
Delaware  to  Pennsylvania. 

PITTSBTIRG,  the  metropolis  of  western  Pennsylvania 
and  the  county  seat  of  Allegheny  County,  is  one  of 
the  great  industrial  cities  of  the  world.  As  has  been 
shown  in  other  connections,  coal,  petroleum,  natural  gas, 


66  PENNS  YL  VAN  I  A 

and  cheap  transportation  are  the  chief  foundation  stones 
upon  which  Pittsburg's  wealth  and  power  rest.  These 
natural  advantages  have  not  only  contributed  to  Pitts- 
burg's  prosperity,  but  they  have  crowded  the  banks  of  the 
Ohio,  the  Allegheny,  and  the  Monongahela  with  towns 
and  manufacturing  plants  which  extend  many  miles  be- 
yond the  corporate  limits  of  the  city.  Were  the  limits  of 
Pittsburg  extended  so  as  to  include  the  city  of  Allegheny 
and  a  number  of  suburban  towns,  her  population  would  be 
greatly  increased.  A  plan  for  such  extension  of  the  limits 
has  been  considered,  but  has  not  yet  been  approved.  If 
the  plan  should  finally  be  adopted,  Pittsburg  would  become 
"  Greater  Pittsburg,"  as  New  York  has  already  become 
"Greater  New  York." 

Pittsburg  and  the  densely  settled  territory  immediately 
adjacent  are  frequently  spoken  of  as  the  Pittsburg  Dis- 
trict. In  the  production  of  the  following  manufactures 
the  Pittsburg  District  leads  the  world  :  steel  and  iron, 
plate  glass,  window  glass,  tumblers,  tin  plate,  steel  cars, 
air-brakes,  electrical  machinery,  steel  and  wrought  iron 
pipe,  fire-brick  and  clay,  corks,  and  pickles.  The  largest 
electric  generators  that  have  ever  been  constructed,  those 
at  Niagara  Falls,  were  made  here.  Pittsburg  produces 
75  per  cent  of  all  the  plate  glass  made  in  the  United 
States.  Of  ornamental  glass  for  the  table  she  produces 
63,000  tons  per  annum.  The  corks  manufactured  are  not 
for  bottles  alone,  but  for  the  grips  of  bicycle  handle  bars, 
inner  soles  of  shoes,  and  floats  for  fishing  seines.  In  Pitts- 
burg's  pickling  and  preserving  works  2500  persons  find 
constant  employment. 

ALLEGHENY.  —  On  the  Allegheny  River,  opposite  Pitts- 
burg, and  connected  with  the  latter  by  numerous  bridges, 


PITTSBURG,  ALLEGHENY 

ami  Vicinity. 


»  MILES  TO    1    INCH. 

Places  are  displayed  same  as  on  the  State  .Map. 


CITIES  AND  TOWNS  67 

lies  the  third  city  of  the  state  —  Allegheny.  Large  iron 
and  steel  mills,  structural  iron  works,  and  the  manufac- 
ture of  steel  cars,  glass,  and  leather  furnish  employment 
to  thousands.  In  addition  to  the  Western  University  of 
Pennsylvania,  which  has  received  attention  when  speaking 
of  education,  there  are  in  Allegheny  three  theological  sem- 
inaries, —  the  United  Presbyterian,  the  Presbyterian,  and 
the  Reformed  Presbyterian.  The  largest  reservoir  in  the 
United  States  for  natural  gas  is  in  Allegheny.  The  Car- 
negie Free  Library,  with  its  25,000  volumes,  is  one  of  the 
ornaments  of  the  city,  and  is  supplemented  by  a  large 
public  school  library. 

SCRANTON,  in  the  midst  of  the  northern  anthracite  coal 
field,  and  the  county  seat  of  Lackawanna  County,  has  had 
a  remarkably  rapid  growth.  Though  one  of  the  youngest 
cities  in  the  state,  she  is  now  fourth  in  population. 
Naturally  the  city  is  chiefly  engaged  in  mining  and 
shipping  coal,  but  she  also  produces  silk,  cars,  steel  rails, 
and  iron  in  many  forms. 

READING,  the  county  seat  of  Berks  County,  is  beautifully 
located  where  the  Schuylkill  breaks  through  the  South 
Mountain  range.  On  the  mountains  around  the  city  are 
attractive  summer  resorts,  from  which  may  be  had  charm- 
ing views  of  the  Lebanon  and  the  Schuylkill  valleys. 
Almost  within  sight  of  the  southern  anthracite  field,  Read- 
ing is  admirably  situated  for  manufacturing  purposes. 
Iron,  steel,  cars,  hardware,  stoves,  hosiery,  knit  goods, 
woollen  hats,  and  silk  and  cotton  fabrics  are  produced  here 
in  large  quantities. 

ERIE,  a  port  of  entry,  and  the  county  seat  of  Erie  County, 
has  the  finest  natural  harbor  on  the  lakes.  The  city  has  a 
large  trade  in  coal,  petroleum,  iron  and  copper  ores,  lum- 


68  PENNSYLVANIA 

ber,  and  the  products  of  its  various  manufactories  of  en- 
gines, boilers,  malleable  iron,  brass,  wooden  ware,  and 
household  implements.  It  was  first  settled  by  the  French 
in  1753  by  the  building  of  Fort  Presque  Isle.  In  1756 
there  were  one  hundred  French  families  living  around  the 
fort,  but  on  the  abandonment  of  the  country  by  the  French 
in  1763,  Erie  lapsed  back  into  the  wilderness,  and  was 
resettled  by  American  families  from  the  East  in  1795. 

WILKESBARRE,  the  county  seat  of  Luzerne  County,  is 
beautifully  situated  in  the  famous  Wyoming  valley,  and 
is  but  a  few  miles  from  the  scene  of  the  terrible  Wyoming 
massacre.  The  men  who  founded  the  city  in  1772  named 
it  in  honor  of  John  Wilkes  and  Colonel  Isaac  Barre — two 
sturdy  champions  of  American  liberty  in  the  British  Par- 
liament. Since  Wilkesbarre  lies  in  the  heart  of  the  north- 
ern anthracite  region,  coal  is  her  great  source  of  wealth. 
As  might  be  expected,  Wilkesbarre  manufactures  mining 
engines,  cars,  machinery  for  the  mines,  and  wire  rope. 
Silk  and  cutlery  are  also  manufactured.  Wilkesbarre's 
"  Nottingham  curtains  "  received  attention  in  connection 
with  the  cotton  industries  of  the  state. 

HARRISBURG,  the  capital  of  the  state,  is  situated  on  the 
east  bank  of  the  Susquehanna  River,  which  is,  at  this 
point,  about  a  mile  wide.  A  short  distance  north  of  the 
city  the  Susquehanna  breaks  through  the  Blue  Mountains, 
presenting  a  rare  scene  of  bluffs,  coves,  and  vanishing 
vistas.  It  is  an  important  railroad  centre.  Its  leading 
industrial  establishments  are  rolling  mills,  furnaces,  steel 
works,  and  manufactories  of  shoes,  watches,  mattresses, 
and  a  variety  of  knit  and  woven  fabrics.  The  legislature 
holds  its  sessions  here  every  two  years,  and  here  are  the 
Supreme  Court  and  the  several  executive  departments  of 


CITIES  AND   TOWNS  69 

the  state  government.  The  public  buildings  are  the 
Capitol,  the  State  Arsenal,  the  State  Library,  and  the 
Pennsylvania  Insane  Asylum. 

LANCASTER,  the  county  seat  of  Lancaster  County,  is  in 
the  midst  of  one  of  the  finest  agricultural  districts  in  the 
world.  Franklin  and  Marshall  College  is  located  here, 
and  the  Millersville  Normal  School,  but  four  miles  away, 
is  connected  with  the  city  by  trolley.  From  1799  to  181*2 
Lancaster  was  the  capital  of  the  state.  Two  distinguished 
public  men,  James  Buchanan  and  Thaddeus  Stevens,  lived 
and  died  in  Lancaster.  Much  fine  tobacco  is  raised  on 
the  fertile  soil  of  Lancaster  County,  and  the  city  has, 
therefore,  a  large  trade  in  this  article.  Here  are  also 
numerous  foundries,  cotton  mills,  tanneries,  and  other 
manufactories. 

ALTOONA,  in  Blair  County,  is  situated  at  the  eastern 
base  of  the  Alleghanies.  At  this  point  passengers  over 
the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  prepare  themselves  to  enjoy 
the  beauties  of  the  wonderful  "Horseshoe  Bend,"' which 
lies  just  west  of  the  city.  When  you  travel  this  way, 
arrange,  if  possible,  to  pass  through  Altoona  by  daylight. 
The  immense  manufacturing  and  repair  shops  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania Railroad,  the  chief  source  of  Altoona's  prosperity, 
are  located  here. 

JOHNSTOWN,  in  Cambria  County,  is  on  the  Conemaugh 
River  —  a  stream  made  famous  by  the  "Johnstown  Flood," 
which  in  1889  destroyed  nearly  the  whole  city  and  drowned 
thousands  of  her  citizens.  Johnstown,  however,  was  quickly 
rebuilt,  and  was  soon  more  vigorous  and  prosperous  than 
before  the  flood.  The  Pennsylvania  Railroad,  which  passes 
through  the  city,  and  fine  deposits  of  bituminous  coal  in 
the  vicinity  are  important  factors  in  Johnstown's  pros- 


70  PENNSYLVANIA 

perity.  The  Cambria  Iron  Company,  seeing  the  advan- 
tages of  the  situation,  located  their  mammoth  iron  and 
steel  works  here. 

ALLENTOWN,  the  county  seat  of  Lehigh  County,  and 
the  largest  city  in  the  Lehigh  valley,  is  situated  on  the 
Lehigh  River,  immediately  south  of  the  slate  and  cement 
region.  It  has  diversified  manufacturing  establishments, 
such  as  furniture  and  shoe  factories,  wire  and  thread  mills, 
and  a  number  of  silk  mills.  It  is  connected  by  numerous 
trolley  lines  with  the  surrounding  country,  and  is  the 
terminus  of  the  Lehigh  Valley  Traction,  which  has  a 
through  line  to  Philadelphia.  The  Central  Railroad  of 
New  Jersey,  the  Philadelphia  and  Reading,  and  the  Lehigh 
Valley  railroads  also  afford  excellent  means  of  transporta- 
tion. Muhleriburg  College  and  the  Allentown  College  for 
Women  are  located  here. 

McKEESPORT,  at  the  junction  of  the  Monongahela  and 
the  Youghiogheny,  is  but  fourteen  miles  from  Pittsburg, 
and  enjoys  a  good  share  of  the  natural  advantages  of  that 
city.  The  industrial  interests  of  McKeesport  centre  in 
iron,  steel,  and  the  mining  of  coal.  When  Pittsburgh 
limits  are  extended,  McKeesport,  together  with  Duquesne, 
Braddock,  and  Homestead,  will  doubtless  become  a  part 
of  "Greater  Pittsburg." 

CHESTER,  the  oldest  town  in  Pennsylvania,  is  located 
on  the  Delaware  River  about  midway  between  Philadel- 
phia and  Wilmington.  Its  rapid  industrial  development 
is  due  to  its  long  river  front,  its  railroad  facilities,  and  its 
proximity  to  the  coal  regions.  Ship-building,  steel  cast- 
ing, and  the  manufacture  of  textiles,  dye-stuffs,  brick,  and 
plaster  are  its  chief  industries.  In  the  suburbs  are  large 
plants  for  the  printing  of  textiles  and  the  refining  of 


CITIES  AND   TOWNS  71 

petroleum.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  Pennsylvania  Military 
College.  Crozier  Theological  Seminary  is  located  in 
Upland,  which,  not  being  within  the  corporate  limits  of 
Chester,  still  holds  the  name  by  which  the  whole  settle- 
ment was  known  before  Penn  renamed  it. 

YORK,  the  county  seat  of  York  County,  and  the  centre 
of  a  rich  agricultural  region,  is  noted  for  its  varied  and 
extensive  industries.  The  chief  manufactured  products 
are  ice  machines,  wire  cloth,  safes,  nails,  chains,  water 
wheels,  paper,  organs,  carriages,  silks,  candy,  cigars,  and 
the  output  of  agricultural  works,  foundries,  machine  shops, 
and  rolling  mills.  In  1777-1778,  while  the  British  occu- 
pied Philadelphia,  the  Continental  Congress  met  in  York. 

WILLIAMSPORT,  the  county  seat  of  Lycoming  County, 
is  beautifully  situated  on  the  West  Branch  of  the  Susque- 
hanna.  For  years  Williamsport  was  known  as  the  "  Saw- 
dust City  "  because  of  the  great  amount  of  lumber  cut  in 
her  sawmills.  There  is  not  quite  so  much  sawdust  as 
formerly,  but  her  industries  have  become  widely  diversi- 
fied, and  she  is  now  appropriately  called  the  "  Queen  City 
of  the  West  Branch."  Her  manufactures  include  wood- 
working machinery,  doors,  sash  and  moulding,  furniture, 
paving  bricks,  gasoline  engines,  rubber  and  leather  boots 
and  shoes,  clothing,  and  sewing  machines.  The  United 
States  Census  Bureau  —  report  for  1900  —  names  Wil- 
liamsport as  the  most  healthful  city  in  the  state,  and  the 
fourth  in  this  respect  in  the  United  States. 

NEW  CASTLE,  the  county  seat  of  Lawrence  County,  is 
situated  fifty  miles  northwest  of  Pittsburg.  Within  the 
last  ten  years  the  city  has  more  than  doubled  her  popula- 
tion. With  excellent  coal,  glass  sand,  and  fire-clay  in  her 
vicinity,  the  city  has  become  a  very  important  manufac- 


72  PENNSYLVANIA 

turing  centre.     Her  manufactures  include  iron,  wire  nails, 
glass,  fire-brick,  and  flour. 

EASTON,  the  county  seat  of  Northampton  County,  is 
situated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Delaware  and  the  Lehigh. 
It  is  the  seat  of  Lafayette  College,  and  has  silk  mills,  drill 
works,  railway  supply  works,  two  organ  factories,  and 
other  industrial  establishments.  Soapstone,  serpentine, 
and  a  rare  variety  of  stone  called  verdolite  are  quarried 
just  without  the  corporate  limits  of  the  city.  Vast  cement 
beds  are  located  near  the  city  from  which  thousands  of 
barrels  are  produced  daily.  The  famous  treaty  with  the 
Five  Nations  is  recorded  as  having  taken  place  at  the 
forks  of  the  Delaware. 


HISTORY 

Almost  three  hundred  years  ago  Henry  Hudson,  the 
famous  navigator,  entered  what  is  known  as  Delaware 
Bay.  Annoyed  by  shoals,  and  concluding  that  he  was  in 
treacherous  waters,  Hudson  sailed  out  to  sea  again  after 
having  been  in  the  bay  but  a  few  hours.  Soon  after  this 
he  entered  the  harbor  of  New  York,  where  no  shoals 
obstructed  his  passage.  Although  Hudson  was  an  Eng- 
lishman, he  was  at  this  time  in  the  service  of  Holland, 
and  the  Dutch  claim  to  the  country  drained  by  both  the 
Hudson  and  the  Delaware  rested  upon  this  voyage. 

The  Delaware  was  named  in  honor  of  Lord  Delaware, 
governor  of  Virginia,  who  visited  the  mouth  of  the  bay 
one  year  after  Hudson.  The  English  doubtless  gave  his 
name  to  bay  and  river,  thinking  that  their  claim  to  this 
part  of  the  continent  would  thereby  be  strengthened. 
The  Dutch  sometimes  called  it  Nassau,  but  they  usually 


HISTORY  73 

spoke  of  it  as  the  Zuydt,  or  South  River,  as  they  called 
the  Hudson  the  North. 

In  the  year  1616  Captain  Hendrickson,  a  Dutchman, 
did  what  both  Hudson  and  Lord  Delaware  failed  to  do,  — 
passed  the  shoals  at  the  mouth  of  Delaware  Bay  and,  in 
a  small  yacht,  the  "  Onrust,"  or  "  Restless,"  ascended  the 
river  as  far  as  the  Schuylkill. 

Three  years  after  the  landing  of  the  Pilgrims  on  Plym- 
outh Rock  we  find  the  Dutch  established  on  the  Dele- 
ware.  Their  settlement  was  at  Gloucester  Point,  on  the 
Jersey  side  of  the  river,  nearly  opposite  the  present  site  of 
Philadelphia ;  but  from  this  as  a  base  the  Dutch  passed 
over  into  Pennsylvania,  making  themselves  at  home  in  the 
beautiful  valley  of  the  Schuylkill,  where  they  enjoyed  a 
very  lucrative  trade  in  beaver-skins. 

But  the  Dutch  were  doomed  to  meet  with  opposition. 
The  Swedes,  too,  were  pleased  with  the  Delaware,  and 
understood  very  well  the  value  of  beaver-skins.  They 
were  also  excellent  farmers  with  keen  eyes  for  fertile  soil. 
Of  course  the  Swedes  did  not  have  even  the  shadow  of  a 
claim  to  any  land  in  North  America,  but  in  those  days 
that  did  not  make  much  difference.  Those  who  were  able, 
took  and  kept  what  pleased  them. 

The  Swedes  first  settled  near  the  present  site  of  Wil- 
mington, but  from  this  point  they  worked  their  way  into 
Pennsylvania,  where  they  founded  the  town  of  Upland, 
now  called  Chester.  They  were  eminently  religious,  and 
built  churches  wherever  they  had  important  settlements. 
This  explains  the  presence  of  Old  Swedes'  Church  which 
is  still  standing  near  the  corner  of  Christian  and  Front 
streets,  Philadelphia.  Such  names  as  Svvedesburg,  Swede- 
land,  Swedes'  Ford,  and  Swede  Furnace,  all  found  in  the 


74  PENNSYLVANIA 

vicinity  of  Philadelphia,  point  unmistakably  to  an  occupa- 
tion by  this  nation.  In  like  manner,  Schuylkill,  meaning 
"  hidden  creek,"  indicates  the  presence  of  the  Dutch. 

But  the  day  soon  came  when  Dutch  and  Swedes  alike 
must  yield  to  a  stronger  power.  The  English,  seeing  that 
the  Dutch  occupied  the  country  from  the  valley  of  the 
Mohawk  to  Delaware  Bay,  naturally  became  alarmed,  and 
determined  to  bring  Dutch  rule  in  America  to  an  end.  This 
they  did  by  pointing  to  the  discovery  of  the  continent  by 
the  Cabots  away  back  in  1497,  and  by  following  up  this 
little  lesson  in  history  by  sending,  in  1664,  a  fleet  and 
army  which  demanded  and  secured  possession. 

When  Penn  arrived  in  Pennsylvania  in  1682,  as  has 
been  previously  explained,  he  was  heartily  welcomed  by 
his  Dutch  and  Swedish  subjects  whom  he  treated  with 
great  kindness  and  consideration.  Nor  did  Penn  have 
any  trouble  with  the  Indians.  He  met  them  in  a  broad- 
minded  and  brotherly  manner,  and  they  responded  with  a 
remarkable  and  beautiful  friendship  that  remained  un- 
broken for  nearly  eighty  years.  Unfortunately,  however 
there  were  long  and  serious  disputes  respecting  the  boun- 
daries of  Pennsylvania.  To  determine  what  part  of  the 
earth's  surface  was  embraced  in  Penn's  grant,  gave  untold 
trouble. 

Connecticut  claimed  nearly  the  whole  of  the  upper  half 
of  the  state,  and  strove  with  arms,  too,  to  make  good  the 
claim.  An  examination  of  a  map  of  the  United  States 
will  show  at  once  that  if  the  northern  and  southern  bounda- 
ries of  Connecticut  were  carried  due  west,  they  would  cut 
off  a  big  slice  from  Pennsylvania.  The  people  of  Con- 
necticut were  determined  to  have  this  slice. 

On  the  south,  Lord  Baltimore  claimed  a  broad  belt  ex- 


HISTORY  75 

tending  some  distance  north  of  Philadelphia,  and  west- 
ward nearly  to  Pittsburg.  The  Baltimores  were  stubborn, 
determined  men,  and  if  they  did  not  get  this  large  and 
valuable  belt  of  land,  it  was  not  because  they  did  not  work 
hard  enough  and  long  enough  (ninety-two  years)  to  secure 
it. 

All  this  seemed  bad  enough,  but  there  was  still  another 
dispute.  Virginia  claimed  nearly  all  that  was  left  of  the 
western  end  of  the  state  up  to  a  north-and-south  line 
drawn  a  little  east  of  Pittsburg. 

Had  all  the  claimants  received  what  they  so  long  and 
earnestly  sought,  Pennsylvania  would  have  been  one  of 
the  small  states  of  this  Union.  Connecticut  would  have 
had  a  large  part  of  our  anthracite  and  petroleum ;  to 
Maryland  would  have  fallen  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  and 
much  of  our  best  bituminous  coal ;  Pittsburg,  and  all  it 
stands  for,  would  have  gone  to  Virginia. 

"  When,"  says  Mr.  Fisher,  in  his  "  Making  of  Pennsyl-  • 
vania,"  "  we  consider  all  these  boundary  disputes,  the  long 
years  through  which  they  extended,  the  violence  and  bit- 
terness with  which  they  were  maintained  against  us,  the 
largeness  of  their  demands,  cutting  us  down  from  great- 
ness to  littleness,  and  depriving  us  of  our  two  important 
cities  and  points  of  advantage,  it  is  hard  to  restrain  a  feel- 
ing, not  merely  of  satisfaction  at  our  success  in  resisting 
these  attacks,  but  of  gratitude  for  the  skill  and  persistence 
of  the  Penns  who  accomplished  this  result." 

The  arc  of  a  circle  which  forms  the  boundary  between  Penn- 
sylvania and  Delaware  is  struck  from  New  Castle  as  a  centre 
with  a  radius  of  twelve  miles.  Its  position  was  at  first  deter- 
mined by  David  Rittenhouse,  the  famous  Pennsylvania  astron- 
omer and  mathematician.  Mason  and  Dixon,  the  well-known 


76  PENNSYLVANIA 

English  astronomers,  who  fixed  the  boundary  between  Mary- 
land and  Pennsylvania,  resurveyed  the  circle  around  New 
Castle;  but,  finding  Rittenhouse's  work  absolutely  accurate, 
they,  of  course,  did  not  change  the  position  of  the  arc. 

Four  years  were  consumed  by  Mason  and  Dixon  in  running 
the  famous  line  which  has  immortalized  their  names.  This 
line,  separating  Pennsylvania  from  Maryland,  is  parallel  to  the 
equator  and  39°  43'  from  it.  In  the  face  of  opposition  by  the 
Indians,  who  did  not  understand  why  the  astronomers  were 
looking  so  often  at  the  stars  through  "  big  guns  "  (telescopes), 
Mason  and  Dixon  cleared  a  path  twenty -four  feet  wide  among 
the  trees,  and  in  the  middle  of  this  they  marked  the  exact  line. 
The  end  of  each  mile  was  marked  with  a  stone.  Every  fifth 
milestone  bears  on  the  side  facing  Maryland  the  arms  of  Penn ; 
on  the  other  face  are  seen  the  arms  of  Baltimore.  The  other 
stones  are  marked  with  a  simple  P  on  the  one  side  and  an  M 
on  the  other. 

The  northern  boundary  of  the  state,  the  forty-second  parallel, 
was  marked  out  by  Rittenhouse  in  1785-1787.  The  triangle  in 
the  northwest  corner,  called  the  Erie  Triangle,  giving  us  the 
harbor  of  Erie  and  a  very  important  frontage  on  the  lake,  was 
bought  from  the  United  States  in  1792  for  $151,640. 

Pennsylvania's  Mixed  Population.  —  No  other  state  in 
the  Union  has  a  population  more  varied  than  that  of  Penn- 
sylvania. Here  may  be  found  English,  Germans,  Scotch- 
Irish,  Welsh,  French,  Italians,  Poles,  Hungarians,  and 
other  races.  Such  variety  in  nationality  naturally  brings 
with  it  great  diversity  in  religion.  But,  as  in  the  days  of 
Penn  himself,  these  differences  occasion  little  friction. 

The  Quakers.  —  The  Friends,  or  Quakers,  settled  prin- 
cipally in  and  around  Philadelphia.  They  have  always 
been  noted  for  their  fair  dealings  and  cordial  relations 
with  the  Indians,  for  their  love  of  religious  liberty,  for 
their  simplicity  of  dress  and  manners,  and  for  their  per- 


HISTORY  77 

sistent  and  determined  opposition  to  war  and  to  slavery. 
Haverford  College  and  Swarthmore  College,  both  under 
the  control  of  Friends,  bear  ample  testimony  to  the  schol- 
arship and  ability  of  these  amiable  and  unostentatious 
people.  From  their  ranks  have  come  some  of  the  most 
famous  men  that  Pennsylvania  has  produced. 

The  Scotch-Irish.  —  In  striking  contrast  with  the  Quakers 
were  the  Scotch-Irish,  who,  seeking  religious  liberty  and 
good  farms,  came  to  Pennsylvania  in  the  early  years  of  the 
eighteenth  century.  The  name  Scotch-Irish  is  somewhat 
misleading.  It  was  applied  to  people  (many  of  them  of 
English  origin)  who,  after  living  many  years  in  Scotland, 
went  over  to  Ireland  to  take  possession  of  the  lands  from 
which  Queen  Elizabeth  and  James  I  had  driven  the  Irish. 

These  people  preferred  to  be  by  themselves  in  Penn- 
sylvania and  were,  therefore,  generally  found  on  the 
frontier.  As  this  moved  westward,  they  moved  with  it. 
In  this  manner  they  were  scattered  all  over  the  state,  and 
there  is  scarcely  a  county  to-day  without  representatives 
of  their  race. 

In  religion  the  Scotch-Irish  were  Presbyterians,  and 
were  stanch  friends  of  education.  Washington  and  Jef- 
ferson College,  in  the  western  part  of  the  state,  traces  its 
origin  back  to  these  hardy  frontiersmen.  It  was  a  Scotch- 
Irishman,  too,  who  established  the  famous  "  Log  College  " 
on  the  banks  of  the  Neshaminy,  in  Bucks  County.  From 
this  humble  beginning  came  the  influences  that  produced 
Dickinson  College  and  Princeton  University. 

The  Germans.  —  As  we  have  seen,  there  were  Germans 
in  Pennsylvania  before  the  Quakers  arrived,  but  the  lib- 
eral government  established  by  Perm  induced  many  more 
to  follow.  During  the  first  half  of  the  eighteenth  century 


78  PENNSYLVANIA 

nearly  a  hundred  thousand  Germans,  principally  indus- 
trious and  skilful  agriculturists,  found  their  way  to  the 
land  of  Penn.  Naturally  these  men  sought  fertile  soil, 
and  in  the  Schuylkill,  Lehigh,  Lebanon,  Cumberland, 
Juiiiata,  and  Susquehanna  valleys  they  found  it  in  abun- 
dance. To  this  day  the  Germans  own  and  cultivate  many 
of  the  best  farms  in  the  state.  They  have  always  been 
patriotic  and  law-abiding  citizens.  Their  services  during 
the  Revolution  and  the  Civil  War  challenge  the  admira- 
tion of  all.  Among  them  have  been  many  men  conspicu- 
ous for  their  scholarship. 

Pennsylvania  in  the  French  and  Indian  War.  —  When, 
at  the  beginning  of  the  French  and  Indian  War,  General 
Braddock  found  it  impossible  to  procure  in  Maryland 
and  Virginia  the  horses  and  wagons  that  were  absolutely 
necessary  to  transport  his  baggage  and  cannon,  Benjamin 
Franklin  of  Pennsylvania  persuaded  the  farmers  of  Lan- 
caster, York,  and  Cumberland  counties  to  rent  to  the 
English  general  150  wagons,  with  4  horses  to  each,  and 
1500  packhorses.  In  the  crushing  defeat  which  Braddock 
suffered  on  the  banks  of  the  Monongahela,  eight  miles  from 
Pittsburg,  most  of  these  horses  and  wagons  were  lost.  To 
reimburse  the  farmers  for  their  losses  required  time,  pa- 
tience, and  a  good  round  sum  of  money  —  about  $  100,000. 

But  this  was  a  small  matter  when  compared  with  the 
Indian  atrocities  that  naturally  followed  the  victory  over 
Braddock.  The  days  of  Penn  were  forgotten.  The  Indians 
put  on  their  war  paint,  and,  scalping  and  murdering  as 
they  went,  ravaged  the  country  from  Pittsburg  to  Harris- 
burg,  Lancaster,  and  Bethlehem. 

Pennsylvania  in  the  Revolution.  —  The  part  taken  by 
Pennsylvania  in  the  Revolution  was  indeed  remarkable. 


HISTORY  79 

The  First  Continental  Congress,  Declaration  of  Indepen- 
dence, Constitutional  Convention,  stand  for  great  things 
in  the  world's  history  ;  while  Brandywine,  Germantown, 
and  Valley  Forge  are  names  dear  to  the  hearts  of  the 
American  people. 

Carpenter's   Hall,   Philadelphia,   where  the  first   Con- 
tinental Congress  met,  is  still  standing  between  Third 


FIG.  45. 
Independence  Hall,  Philadelphia. 

and  Fourth  streets  and  a  little  south  of  Chestnut.  Inde- 
pendence Hall,  made  famous  by  the  Declaration  of  In- 
dependence and  the  Constitutional  Convention,  is  on 
Chestnut  Street,  between  Fifth  and  Sixth.  Here  may  be 
seen  the  portraits  of  the  signers  of  the  Declaration  and 
many  interesting  relics.  When  you  go  to  Philadelphia 
you  should  not  fail  to  visit  these  historic  shrines. 

At  Chadd's  Ford  on  the  Brandywine,  in  Chester  County, 
September  11,  1777,  was  fought  the  battle  that  decided 


80 


PENNSYLVANIA 


the  fate  of  Philadelphia.  Washington  and  Lafayette  here 
fought  side  by  side.  The  British,  however,  won  the  day, 
and  on  September  26  their  army  entered  Philadelphia  in 
triumph.  Eight  days  later  Washington  attacked  the 
enemy  again  at  Germantown,  but  was  repulsed. 

The  redcoats  now  prepared  to  enjoy  themselves  in  the 
city,  while  Washington  and  his  army  sought  such  shelter 
as  they  could  find  among  the  hills  of  Valley  Forge  twenty- 
three  miles  away.  Perhaps  the  British  lost  nearly  as  much 
in  Philadelphia  through  self-indulgence  and  dissipation  as 
the  Americans  did  at  Valley  Forge  through  cold,  disease, 
and  hunger.  This  is  evidently  what  the  shrewd  Franklin 
had  in  mind  when  he  said,  "  Howe  did  not  take  Phila- 
delphia —  Philadelphia 
took  Howe." 

Washington's  head- 
quarters at  Valley 
Forge  may  be  seen 
from  the  car  windows 
by  passengers  over  the 
Philadelphia  and  Read- 
ing Railroad ;  and  a 
portion  of  the  battle- 
field of  Brandywine 
may,  in  like  manner,  be 
seen  by  passengers  over 
the  Baltimore  Central. 
The  Chew  House,  the  scene  of  desperate  fighting  in  the 
battle  of  Germantown,  is  still  standing. 

Pennsylvania  in  the  Civil  War.  —  Geographically,  Penn- 
sylvania is  very  close  to  the  South,  but  at  the  time  of  the 
Civil  War  she  was  most  remote  from  her  in  sympathy. 


FIG.  46. 

Washington's  headquarters  at  Valley 
Forge,  Pa. 


HISTORY  81 

In  1861,  therefore,  when  Washington  was  in  danger  of 
falling  into  the  hands  of  the  Southerners,  the  first  north- 
ern troops  to  arrive  for  its  defence  were  530  Pennsylvania 
volunteers  from  Reading,  Lewistown,  Pottsville,  and 
Allentown.  From  that  time  until  the  surrender  at  Appo- 
mattox,  the  Keystone  State  gave  men  and  money  with- 
out stint.  Her  total  contributions  to  the  national  armies 
amounted  to  about  390,000  men  —  a  vast  army. 

Naturally,  Pennsylvania  suffered  much  from  raids  dur- 
ing the  war.  The  open  fertile  valleys  of  the  state  extend 
across  Mason  and  Dixon's  line  and  thus  offered  easy  access 
to  the  treasures  of  the  North.  Her  flour,  fine  horses,  and 
fat  cattle  were  sadly  needed  by  the  Confederates,  and 
more  than  once  did  the  Southern  raiders  come  after-these 
and  other  good  things.  Chambersburg  was  burned  to 
the  ground,  Carlisle  was  shelled,  and  the  people  of  the 
Cumberland  valley  generally  were  made  extremely  un- 
comfortable. 

Finally  at  Gettysburg,  in  Adams  County,  came  the 
decisive  battle  of  the  war.  During  the  first  three  days 
of  July,  1863,  did  this  most  terrible  battle  of  modern 
times  rage.  One  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  men  were 
engaged  here  in  deadly  conflict.  When  the  smoke  of 
battle  cleared  away  one-third  of  this  great  host  had  disap- 
peared. "  Dead,  wounded,  and  missing  "  were  the  words 
that  explained  their  absence.  As  the  writer  recently 
walked  over  a  portion  of  the  field  occupied  by  our  men 
during  the  first  day,  the  old  soldier  who  accompanied 
him,  with  a  wave  of  his  hand  in  the  direction  of  certain 
fields,  said,  "  At  the  end  of  the  first  day's  fight,  sir,  those 
fields  were  blue  with  men"  —  dead  and  wounded  soldiers. 

Three  famous  Pennsylvania   generals  were  at  Gettys- 


82 


PENNS  YL  VA  NIA 


burg.  General  George  G.  Meade  of  Philadelphia  com- 
manded the  Union  army.  Then  there  was  General 
Winfield  Scott  Hancock  of  Norristown,  Montgomery 
County,  who,  after  valiant  service,  was  wounded  in  the 
thickest  of  the  fight.  The  brave  General  John  F.  Rey- 
nolds of  Lancaster  was 
killed  during  the  first 
day's  fight,  but  he  lived 
long  enough  to  keep  the 
Confederates  in  check 
until  the  other  divisions 
of  the  army  arrived  and 
posted  themselves  in 
the  strong  position  that, 
during  the  next  two 
fearful  days,  proved  im- 
pregnable. 

It  was  at  the  dedica- 
tion of  the  Soldiers' 
National  Cemetery  at 
Gettysburg  that  Presi- 
dent Lincoln  delivered 
that  brief  but  immortal 
address,  beginning  with  the  words,  —  "  Fourscore  and 
seven  years  ago  our  fathers  brought  forth  upon  this  conti- 
nent a  new  nation." 

Famous  Men.  —  At  Kennett  Square,  Chester  County,  in 
1825,  was  born  Pennsylvania's  most  famous  literary  man, 
—  Bayard  Taylor.  Taylor  himself  desired  that  his  fame 
should  rest  upon  his  poetry ;  but  though  this  was  excellent, 
his  books  of  travel  are  so  delightful  that  he  is  probably 
best  known  by  them. 


FIG.  47. 

Reynolds's  monument,  National  Cemetery, 
Gettysburg,  Pa. 


HISTORY  83 

Bayard's  fondness  for  poetry  displayed  itself  very  early. 
At  almost  any  time  during  his  school  days,  poems  and 
scraps  of  poetry  could  be  found  in  his  desk,  pockets,  and 
hat.  He  was  also  fascinated  by  geography  and  history. 
When  but  a  mere  boy  he  made  up  his  mind  that  he  would 
see  Europe.  True,  he  had  no  money,  but  this  he  would 
get.  His  friends  laughed  at  him,  but  this  did  not  dis- 
courage him. 

Finally,  when  Bayard  reached  his  nineteenth  birthday, 
he  determined  to  go  to  Europe.  But  where  were  the 
necessary  funds  ?  He  had  published  and  sold  one  of  his 
poems.  In  this  way  he  cleared  $20.  The  United  States 
Gazette  and  the  Saturday  Evening  Pout  were  then  pub- 
lished in  Philadelphia.  The  editors  of  each  of  these 
gave  Bayard  $50  for  his  promise  to  write  letters  for 
their  columns.  The  editors  were  not  certain  they  would 
use  these  letters,  but  they  were  pleased  with  the  young 
man's  manners,  and  decided  to  help  him.  About  the 
same  time  Bayard  sold  some  poems  in  manuscript  for  $20. 
Thus  the  ambitious  youth  had  scraped  together  $140  —  a 
meagre  sum,  indeed,  with  which  to  start  to  Europe. 

But  Bayard  went,  and  "  Views  Afoot "  (you  may  be 
sure  he  could  not  ride)  tells  in  enchanting  manner  the 
wonderful  story  of  that  first  visit  to  Europe.  His  books 
of  travel  (he  wrote  many)  have  a  charm  that  captivates 
the  reader.  Russell  H.  Conwell,  in  his  "  Life  of  Bayard 
Taylor,"  says,  "  His  books  upon  travel  will  be  read  for  a 
century  to  come." 

For  many  years  Bayard  Taylor  planned  to  have  a  home 
of  his  own  near  Kennett  Square.  In  time  he  secured 
land  and  within  sight  of  his  native  village  built  himself 
a  beautiful  mansion  which  he  called  Cedarcroft.  Here 


84 


PENNSYLVANIA 


with   overflowing   hospitality  he   entertained   many  dis- 
tinguished people. 

In  1878  President  Hayes  appointed  him  minister  to 
Germany.  His  appointment  was  received  with  great 
pleasure  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic,  but  he  lived  less 
than  a  year  to  serve  his  country  in  this  capacity. 

In  Longwood  Cemetery,  about  a  mile  and  a  half  from 
Cedarcroft,  under  a  handsome  Greek  altar,  by  the  side  of 

his  first  wife,  the  beautiful,  lov- 
ing, and  lovable  Mary  Agnew, 
lies  the  poet  and  traveller, 
"  taking,  after  his  painful  toils, 
the  fitting  rest."  Around  the 
frieze  of  the  altar  are  these 
most  appropriate  words,  —  "  He 
being  dead  yet  speaketh." 

The  list  of  famous  Pennsyl- 
vanians  is  very  long.  We  sug- 
gest a  few  of  many  names  that 
will  amply  repay  study :  Benja- 
min Franklin,  James  Buchanan, 
Robert  Fulton,  Stephen  Girard,  Elisha  Kent  Kane,  Isaac 
I.  Hayes,  Thomas  Buchanan  Read,  David  Rittenhouse, 
Andrew  G.  Curtain,  Thaddeus  Stevens,  Benjamin  West, 
George  Westinghouse. 

EDUCATION 

If  any  boys  and  girls  in  Pennsylvania  grow  up  in  igno- 
rance, it  is  certainly  not  the  fault  of  the  state.  The  total 
amount  of  the  state  appropriation  for  public  education  is 
now  $5,500,000  annually.  Of  this  amount  $200,000  are 
for  the  use  of  the  thirteen  state  normal  schools,  and 


FIG.  48. 
Tomb  of  Bayard  Taylor. 


EDUCATION 


85 


$50,000  are  intended  for  township  high  schools.  The  bal- 
ance, $5,250,000,  is  for  the  common  schools.  This  is  a 
large  sum  of  money,  but  it  is  only  a  small  part  of  what  is 
spent  on  public  education.  The  school  districts  through- 
out the  state  raise  by  local  taxation  about  $18,000,000 
more. 

The  whole  number  of  children  in  the  public  schools  of 
the  state  for  the  year  ending  June  3,  1901,  was  1,161,524 — 
more  than  one-sixth  of  the  entire  population.    There  were 
30,044  teachers 
engaged       in 
teaching     these 
children.  Teach- 
ers    and     chil- 
dren    together, 
if     placed     six 
abreast,  with 
two     feet      be- 
tween the  ranks, 
would    make    a 
column  seventy- 
five      miles     in  FIG.  49. 
length.                                 Boys'  Central  High  School,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

The  present  magnificent  system  of  public  schools  in 
Pennsylvania,  however,  is  not  yet  seventy  years  old.  It 
dates  from  1834.  Previous  to  this  there  were  denomina- 
tional and  private  schools,  but  these  could  not  reach  the 
masses.  Thousands  went  through  life  without  knowing 
anything  about  the  blessings  of  a  school  education. 

In  the  state  constitution  of  1790,  it  should  also  be 
remembered,  was  the  following  provision:  "The  Legis- 
lature shall,  as  soon  as  conveniently  may  be,  provide  by 


86  PENNSYLVANIA 

law  for  the  establishment  of  schools  throughout  the  state, 
in  such  numbers  that  the  poor  may  be  taught  gratis." 

In  practice  this  meant  that  in  order  to  be  "  taught  gratis  " 
the  pupils,  or  rather  their  parents,  must  plead  poverty.  The 
rich  and  the  well-to-do  were  required  to  pay  for  the  tuition  of 
their  children.  This  plan  had  many  and  serious  defects.  The 
poor  were  not  pleased  with  such  schools  because,  in  order  to 
share  their  benefits,  they  must  confess  poverty ;  the  rich  and 
the  well-to-do  were  no  better  satisfied  with  them,  because  the 
schools  were  naturally  nicknamed  "  charity  "  and  "  pauper " 
schools. 

After  considerable  opposition  the  Free  School  Act  was 
passed  in  1834.  The  law  Avas  to  go  into  effect  in  September 
of  that  year.  When,  however,  the  people  were  notified  to 
carry  out  the  law,  there  was  a  blaze  of  indignation,  and  the  law 
was  generally  either  evaded  or  defied.  In  many  places  free- 
school  men  were  shamefully  treated  and  not  infrequently 
ruined  in  business. 

Some  of  the'  arguments  against  the  education  of  all  the 
children  were  that  such  education  would  create  idleness,  vice, 
and  crime,  and  that  the  money  required  would  bankrupt  the 
state.  Those  who  held  these  peculiar  opinions  determined  to 
have  the  law  repealed.  The  battle  was,  accordingly,  carried 
to  the  halls  of  legislation  at  Harrisburg,  where  the  final  test  of 
strength  between  the  opponents  and  the  friends  of  free  educa- 
tion came  on  the  llth  of  April,  1835. 

When  on  that  day  the  chaplain  rose  for  prayer,  for  what  do 
you  think  he  prayed?  He  besought  Almighty  God  "to  lay 
bare  his  strong  right  arm  and  save  the  state  from  the  poverty 
and  bankruptcy  which  were  sure  to  follow  if  the  people  were 
to  have  their  property  wrested  from  them  for  the  education  of 
all  the  children."  Soon  after  this  wonderful  prayer,  the  able 
and  courageous  Thaddeus  Stevens  took  the  floor,  and  in  one  of 
the  most  powerful  speeches  of  his  life  defended  the  new  school 
law.  "  Sir,"  said  Mr.  Stevens,  in  the  course  of  his  speech,  "  I 
trust  that  when  we  come  to  act  on  this  question,  we  shall  take 


EDUCATION 


87 


FIG.  50. 
Thaddeus  Stevens. 


lofty  ground,  —  look  beyond  the  narrow  space  which  now  cir- 
cumscribes our  vision,  —  and  so  cast  our  votes  that  the  blessing 
of  education  shall  be  conferred  on  every  son  of  Pennsylvania, 
shall  be  carried  home  to  the  poorest  child 
of  the  poorest  inhabitant  of  the  meanest 
hut  of  your  mountains,  so  that  even  he  may 
be  prepared  to  act  his  part  in  this  land  of 
freemen,  and  lay  on  earth  a  broad  and  solid 
foundation  for  that  enduring  knowledge 
which  goes  on  increasing  through  increas- 
ing eternity." 

To  the  magic  of  Mr.  Stevens's  oratory 
was  largely  due  the  victory  that  was  won 
for  free  schools.  There  is  not  a  child  in 
the  schools  of  Pennsylvania  that  does  not 
owe  Thaddeus  Stevens  a  debt  of  gratitude. 
Nor  should  the  name  of  George  Wolf,  governor  of  the  state 
at  this  critical  period,  be  forgotten.  All  his  influence,  power, 
and  sympathy  were  with  the  friends  of  free  education. 

The  Public  Schools.  —  The  value  of  the  work  done  in  the 
public  schools  of  Pennsylvania  is  beyond  all  calculation. 
Here  are  laid  the  foundations  of  good  citizenship  and  of 
happy  and  prosperous  lives.  The  rich  and  the  poor,  the 
native  born  and  the  foreigner,  meet  here  on  a  common 
level.  Here  they  learn  to  know  and  to  respect  each  other. 
In  the  public  schools,  obedience,  politeness,  industry,  self- 
reliance,  and  ability  count  for  much ;  birth  and  station  for 
nothing. 

The  Normal  Schools.  —  In  order  to  prepare  3roung  men 
and  young  women  for  the  difficult  and  delicate  work  of 
teaching,  normal  schools  have  been  established  by  the  state. 
The  counties  of  the  state  are  grouped  into  thirteen  normal 
school  districts,  and  in  each  of  these  is  a  flourishing  normal 
school.  These  schools  are  of  supreme  importance  to  those 


88 


PENNSYLVANIA 


FIG.  51. 

College  Hall,  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
Philadelphia. 


who  wish  to  pre- 
pare to  teach. 
They  are  located 
as  follows:  West 
Chester,  Millers- 
ville,  Kutztown, 
East  Strouds- 
burg,  Mansfield, 
Bloom  sburg, 
Shippensburg, 
Lock  Haven, 
Indiana,  Cali- 
fornia, Slippery 
Rock,  Edinboro, 
and  Clarion. 


Colleges  and  Universities.  —  In  the  Pennsylvania  Report 
of  the  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction  for  1901  may 
be  found  the  names  of  twenty-nine  colleges  and  univer- 
sities that  are 
found  within 
the  state.  The 
list  is  given  in 
the  Appendix. 

Chief  among 
them  is  the  Uni- 
versity of  Penn- 
sylvania,  at 
Philadelphia, 
with  over  2500 
students  and 
about  270  pro-  FIG.  52. 

fesSOrs,      lectur-         Library,  University  of  Pennsylvania,  Philadelphia. 


EDUCATION  89 

ers,  and  instructors.  In  addition  to  the  regular  classical 
course,  the  University  maintains  departments  in  philos- 
ophy, geography,  law,  medicine,  engineering,  hygiene, 
dentistry,  and  veterinary  medicine.  There  is  also  a  well- 
equipped  astronomical  observatory. 

At  the  other  end  of  the  state  is  the  Western  University 
of  Pennsylvania,  with  nearly  1000  students  and  125  pro- 


FIG.  53. 
Group  of  buildings,  Western  University  of  Pennsylvania,  Allegheny,  Pa. 

fessors  and  instructors.  The  work  done  in  the  astronomi- 
cal observatory  of  this  institution,  by  Professor  Langley 
and  Professor  Keeler,  has  attracted  the  attention  and  chal- 
lenged the  admiration  of  the  greatest  astronomers  in  the 
world.  Indeed,  the  Western  University  has  been  called 
"the  cradle  of  the  new  astronomy." 

Midway  between  these  two  universities,  in  Centre 
County,  is  the  Pennsylvania  State  College.  Thirteen 
four  years'  courses  are  now  organized  here, — four  general 


90  PENNS  YL  VA  NlA 

courses  and  nine  technical  ones.  Under  the  latter  divi- 
sion is  a  course  in  agriculture.  To  residents  of  Pennsyl- 
vania tuition  is  free.  Students  from  other  states  pay 
$100  a  year  for  tuition.  The  enrolled  attendance  is  now 
over  five  hundred. 

SUGGESTIVE  QUESTIONS. —  (1)  Is  there  any  college  or  university 
in  your  vicinity?  (2)  Who  is  president?  (3)  What  courses  are 
maintained?  (4)  What  degrees  are  conferred?  (5)  What  are  the 
entrance  requirements  ?  (t>)  What  is  the  charge  for  tuition  ? 
(7)  What  of  the  library?  (8)  The  museum?  (9)  Is  the  college 
open  to  both  sexes?  (10)  Do  you  know  any  persons  who  are  gradu- 
ates of  the  college?  (A  catalogue,  which  may  be  had  free  upon  appli- 
cation, will  give  you  information  on  the  subjects  here  suggested.) 

Other  Educational  Institutions.  —  The  deaf  and  dumb,  the 
blind,  the  feeble-minded,  and  the  orphans  are  all  generously 
provided  for  in  excellent  schools  maintained  wholly  or  in  part 
by  the  state.  At  Huntingdon,  Huntingdon  County,  is  the 
Pennsylvania  Industrial  Reformatory,  and  at  Morganza,  Wash- 
ington County,  is  the  Pennsylvania  Reform  School.  The  offi- 
cers of  these  two  institutions  now  have  charge  of  over  a 
thousand  young  criminals  whom  they  are  seeking  to  reform. 

Hospitals  for  the  Insane.  —  While  asylums  for  the  insane  can- 
not be  called  educational  institutions,  they  may  be  taken  as  a 
fair  index  of  the  degree  of  civilization  in  the  state.  The  idea 
that  insanity  is  the  result  of  physical  disease,  and  that  success- 
ful treatment  of  it  must  be  gentle  and  kind,  is  comparatively 
new.  In  the  days  of  Shakespeare,  and  long  after  his  time, 
lunatics  were  thrown  into  dungeons,  loaded  with  chains,  and 
beaten  without  mercy.  'The  following  item  from  an  English 
constable's  account-book  illustrates  the  custom  of  whipping 
wandering  lunatics :  "  Paid  in  charges  for  taking  up  a  distracted 
woman,  watching  her,  and  whipping  her  next  day,  8s.  6d." 
Indeed,  insane  persons  were  not  infrequently  biirned  at  the 
stake  as  witches. 

The  Quakers  of  Pennsylvania  were  among  the  very  first  to 
recognize  insanity  as  a  bodily  disease,  and  to  provide  for  its 


GOVERNMENT  91 

proper  treatment.  To-day  over  six  thousand  patients  are 
receiving  scientific  treatment  in  the  six  insane  asylums  of  the 
state.  Of  all  the  triumphs  won  by  science  for  humanity,  none 
surpass  in  good  effects  the  modern  treatment  of  the  insane. 

QUESTIONS  AND  SUGGESTIONS.  —  (1)  Can  the  deaf  and  dumb  be 
taught  geography,  history,  and  arithmetic  ?  (2)  Can  the  blind  study 
such  subjects?  (3)  Do  you  know  of  any  school  for  the  blind? 
(-t)  For  the  deaf  ?  (5)  Perhaps  you  can  get  one  of  the  annual  reports 
from  The  Pennsylvania  Institution  for  the  Instruction  of  the  Blind, 
at  Overbrook,  Philadelphia,  or  from  "  The  Pennsylvania  Institution 
for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb,"  at  Alt.  Airy,  Philadelphia.  (6)  Sketches 
of  the  hospitals  for  the  insane,  located  at  Harrisburg,  Danville,  Nor- 
ristown,  AVarren,  Dixmont,  and  Wernersville,  may  be  found  in  Smull's 
"  Legislative  Hand  Book." 

GOVERNMENT 

Legislative  Department.  —  The  law-making  power  of  the 
state  of  Pennsylvania  is  the  General  Assembly,  which 
convenes  at  the  capitol  once  in  two  years.  The  regular 
sessions  begin  on  the  first  Tuesday  of  January  of  every 
odd  year.  Though  the  length  of  these  sessions  is  not  fixed 
by  law,  they  usually  last  about  five  months. 

The  General  Assembly  consists  of  a  Senate  and  a  House 
of  Representatives.  At  present  there  are  50  senators,  and 
204  representatives.  Senators  are  chosen  for  four  years, 
and  representatives  for  two;  the  former  must  be  at 
least  twenty-five  years  of  age,  and  the  latter  twenty-one. 
Senators  and  representatives  receive  the  same  compensa- 
tion, —  $1500  for  the  regular  biennial  session,  and  mileage 
at  the  rate  of  twenty-five  cents  per  mile.  For  a  special 
session  they  receive  $500  and  mileage.  In  addition  to  this 
they  are  given  $50  for  stationery  and  $100  in  postage. 

The  Executive  Department.  —  The  governor  is  chosen 
by  the  people  for  a  term  of  four  years.  He  is  clothed,  by 


92  PENNS  YL  VA  NIA 

the  constitution  of  the  state,  with  great  power.  He  must 
be  at  least  thirty  years  old,  and  cannot  be  elected  for  two 
terms  in  succession.  His  salary  is  $10,000  a  year. 

There  is  also  a  lieutenant-governor.  If  the  governor 
dies,  or  is  for  any  reason  unable  to  discharge  his  duties, 
the  lieutenant-governor  takes  his  place.  He  is  also  ex 
officio  the  presiding  officer  of  the  Senate.  He  is  elected  at 
the  same  time  and  for  the  same  term  as  the  governor. 
His  salary  is  $5000  a  year. 


FIG.  54. 
New  State  Capitol,  Harrisburg,  Pa. 

Other  important  officers  of  the  state  are  the  secretary  of 
the  commonwealth,  attorney-general,  auditor-general,  sec- 
retary of  internal  affairs,  state  treasurer,  adjutant-general, 
superintendent  of  public  instruction,  and  secretary  of 
agriculture.  For  the  names  of  these  officers,  and  the  sala- 
ries which  they  receive,  see  Smull's  "  Legislative  Hand 
Book."  What  are  the  duties  of  the  officers  named  in  this 
paragraph  ? 

The  Judicial  Department.  — "  The  Judicial  Power  of 
this  Commonwealth,"  says  the  Constitution  of  Pennsyl- 


GOVERNMENT 


93 


vania,  "  shall  be  vested  in  a  Supreme  Court,  in  courts  of 
Common  Pleas,  courts  of  Oyer  and  Terminer  and  General 
Jail  Delivery,  courts  of  Quarter  Sessions  of  the  Peace, 
Orphans'  Courts,  Magistrates'  Courts,  and  in  such  other 
courts  as  the  General  Assembly  may  from  time  to  time 
establish." 

The  Supreme  Court  consists  of  seven  judges  Avho  are 
elected  by  the  voters  of  the  state  at  large.  They  hold 
office  for  twenty-one 
years,  but  are  not 
again  eligible.  The 
salary  is  $8000  a 
year,  but  the  chief 
justice  receives  $500 
extra.  The  Supreme 
Court  sits  at  Phila- 
delphia, Harrisburg, 
and  Pittsburg. 

Because  the  Su- 
preme Court  was 
overloaded  with 
business,  the  Gen- 
eral Assembly,  in 
1896,  established  an- 
other court,  —  the 
Superior  Court. 


The  Executive  Mansion,  Harrisburg,  Pa. 


This,  too,  consists  of  seven  judges  elected  by  the  voters  of 
the  state,  but  the  term  is  only  ten  years.  The  Superior 
Court  holds  annual  sessions  at  Philadelphia,  Scranton, 
Williamsport,  Harrisburg,  and  Pittsburg. 

SUGGESTIVE  QUESTIONS. —  (1)  What  courts  are  found   in  your 
county?     (2)   In  your  city?     (3)  In  your  borough?     (4)    Who  are 


94  PENNSYLVANIA 

your  chief  county  officers  ?  (5)  What  is  the  length  of  the  term  for 
which  eacli  is  elected  ?  (6)  Consider  the  same  questions  with  respect 
to  the  township  and  the  borough.  (7)  Is  there  a  legislative  body  in 
your  vicinity  ?  If  so,  what  is  the  scope  and  character  of  its  work  ? 
(8)  Are  you  acquainted  with  any  executive  officers?  (9)  Who  are 
they?  (10)  What  do  they  do?  (11)  Are  there  any  judicial  officers 
in  your  vicinity? 

A  FEW  REFERENCE  BOOKS 

Smull's  "Legislative  Hand  Book." 

"  Town  Geology,"    by  Professor  Angelo  Heilprin.      Published  by  the 

author. 
"  The  Making  of  Pennsylvania."     By  Sydney  George  Fisher.     Henry 

T.  Coates  and  Company,  Philadelphia. 
"A  History  of  Pennsylvania."     By  L.  S.  Shimmell.     R.  L.  Myers  and 

Company,  Harrisburg,  Pa. 
"  The  Story  of  Philadelphia."     By  Lillian  lone  Rhoades.     American 

Book  Company. 
"Industrial  Evolution  of  the  United  States."     By  Carroll  D.  Wright. 

Flood  and  Vincent,  Meadville,  Pa. 
"  Stories  of  Pennsylvania."     By  Joseph  S.   Walton  and  Martin   G. 

Brumbaugh.     American  Book  Company. 
Annual  Reports  of  the  Secretary  of  Internal  Affairs.     State  Printer 

of  Pennsylvania. 


APPENDIX 


i  TABLE   OF   COLLEGES   AND   UNIVERSITIES  IN 
PENNSYLVANIA 


LOCATI 

>x 

City  or  Town 

County 

Allegheny  College  ....          . 

Meadville  . 

Crawford 

Bryn  Mawr    . 

Bryn  Mawr    .     . 

Montgomery 

Bucknell  University    

Lewisburg 

Union 

Central  High  School,  Philadelphia 
Dickinson  College  

Philadelphia  .     . 
Carlisle  .... 

Philadelphia 
Cumberland 

Franklin  and  Marshall  College     . 
Geneva  College  

Lancaster  .     .     . 
Beaver  Falls  . 

Lancaster 
Beaver 

Grove  City  College      

Grove  City 

Mercer 

Haverford  College  

Haverford  . 

Delaware 

Lafavette  College    

Easton  .... 

Northampton 

Lebanon  Valley  College  .... 
Lehigh  University  

Annville    .     .     . 
South  Bethlehem 

Lebanon 
Northampton 

Moravian  College    

Bethlehem 

Northampton 

Muhlenberg  College    

Allentown. 

Lehigh 

Pennsylvania  College  

Gettysburg 

Adams 

Pennsylvania  Military  College 
Pennsylvania  State  College  .     .     . 
St.  Vincent  College     

Chester  .... 
State  College.     . 
Beatty  .... 

Delaware 

Centre 
Westmoreland 

Susquehanna  University  .... 
Swarthinore  College    

Selingsgrove  .     . 
Swarthmore  . 

Snyder 
Delaware 

Thiel  College      

Greenville  .     . 

Mercer 

University  of  Pennsylvania  .     .     . 
Ursinus  College  

Philadelphia  . 
College  ville 

Philadelphia 
Montgomery 

Villanova  College    

Villanova  . 

Delaware 

Washington  and  Jefferson  College 
Waynesburg  College  . 

Washington  .     . 
Wayne  sburg  . 

Washington 
Greene 

Western   University  of   Pennsyl- 
vania       

Allegheny      and 
Pittsburg 

West  Minster  College      .... 
Wilson  Female  College    .... 

New  Wilmington 
Chambersburg    . 

Lawrence 
Franklin 

1  From  Pennsylvania  Report  of  the  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  1901. 

96 


96 


PENNSYLVANIA 


POPULATION   OF   PENNSYLVANIA  — 1790  TO  1900 


CENSUS  YEARS 

POPULATION 

PER  CENT  OF 
INCREASE 

CENSUS  YEARS 

POPULATION 

PER  CENT  OF 
INCREASE 

1790     .     . 

434,373 

1850     .     . 

2,311,786 

34.1 

1800     .     . 

602,365 

38.7 

1860    .     . 

2,906,215 

25.7 

1810     .     . 

810.091 

34.5 

1870     .     . 

3,521,951 

21.2 

1820     .     . 

1,047,507 

29.3 

1880     .     . 

4,282,891 

21.6 

1830     .     . 

1,348,233 

28.7 

1890     .     . 

5,258,014 

22.8 

1840     .     . 

1,724,033 

27.9 

1900     .     . 

6,302,115 

19.9 

TABLE    SHOWING    GROWTH    OF    CITIES    IN    PENNSYL- 
VANIA   WITH    MORE    THAN    25,000    INHABITANTS  - 

1790   TO   1900 


1900 

1870 

1840 

1810 

1790 

Philadelphia 
Pittsburg  .     .     . 
Allegheny      .     . 
Scranton  .     .     . 
Reading    .     .     . 
Erie      .... 
Wilkesbarre  .     . 
Harrisburg    .     . 
Lancaster      .     . 
Altoona     .     .     . 
Allen  town     .     . 
Johnstown     .     . 
McKeesport  .     . 
Chester     .     .     . 
York     .... 
Williamsport     . 
New  Castle   .     . 
Easton      .     .     . 

1,293,697 
321,616 
129,896 
102,026 
78,961 
52,733 
51,721 
50,167 
41,459 
38,973 
35,416 
35,936 
34,227 
33,988 
33,708 
28,757 
28,339 
25,238 

674,022 
86,076 
53,180 
35,092 
33,930 
19,646 
10,174 
23,104 
20,233 
10,610 
13,884 
6,028 
2,523 
9,485 
11,003 
16,030 
6,164 
10,987 

93,665 
21,115 

10,089 

53,722 

4,768 

28,522 

8,410 
3,412 

1,718 
5,980 
8,417 

3,462 
394 
1,225 

2,287 
5,405 

2,493 
949 

1,790 
4,779 
1,353 

611 

4,865 

2,847 
344 

1,657 

— 

APPENDIX 


97 


CITIES  AND  BOROUGHS  OF  PENNSYLVANIA  WITH  MORE 
THAN  3000   INHABITANTS,   CENSUS   OF   1900 


CITY  OR  BOROUGH 

POPULATION 

CITY  OR  BOROUGH 

POPULATION 

Allegheny      .... 
Allentown     .... 

129,896 
35,416 

Coatesville     .... 
Columbia  

5,721 
12,316 

Altoona     

38,973 

Connellsville 

7,160 

Archbald  

5,396 

Conshohocken    . 

5,762 

Ashland    

6,438 

Corrv    . 

5,369 

Ashley  

4,046 

Couderspovt  .... 

3,217 

Athens      

3,749 

Danville    

8,042 

Avoca  

3,487 

Darbv  • 

3,429 

Bangor      

4,106 

Dickson     

4,948 

Beaver  Falls  .... 
Bellefonte      .... 

10,054 
4,216 

Doylestown   .... 
Dubois  

3,034 
9,375 

Bellevue    

3,416 

Dunmore  

12,583 

Berwick      (Columbia 

Duquesne  

9,036 

County)     .... 
Bethlehem 

3,916 
7293 

East  Mauch  Chunk    . 
Easton  

3,458 
25,238 

Blairsville     .... 
Blakelv 

3,386 
3,915 

Edwardsville      .     .     . 
Elliott  

5,165 
3,345 

Bloomsburg  .... 

6,170 

Erie      

52,733 

Braddock  

15,654 

Etna     

5,384 

Bradford  

15,029 

Forest  City    .... 

4,279 

Bridgeport     .... 

3,097 

Franklin  

7,317 

Bristol  

7,104 

Freeland  

5,254 

Butler  

10,853 

Gettsyburg    .... 

3,495 

Carbondale    .... 

13,536 

Gilberton  

4,373 

Carlisle     

9,626 

Girardville     .... 

3,666 

Carnegie  

7,330 

Greensburg   .... 

6,508 

Catasauqua   .... 

3,963 
8864 

Greenville      .... 
Hanover   

4,814 
5,302 

Charleroi  

5,930 

Harrisburg    .... 

50,167 

Chester 

33988 

Hazelton  

14,230 

Clearfield  

5,081 

Homestead    .... 

12,554 

98 


PENNSYLVANIA 


CITIES   AND   BOROUGHS   OF   PENNSYLVANIA  —  Continued 


CITY  OR  BOROUGH 

POPULATION 

CITY  OR  BOROUGH 

POPULATION 

Huntingdon  .... 
Indiana     

6,053 

4  U2 

Monongahela     .     .     . 
Mt.  Carmel 

5,173 
13  179 

Jeannette  

5  865 

Mt.  Pleasant 

4745 

Jersey  Shore      .     .     . 
Johnsonburg      .     .     . 
Johnstown     .... 
Kane     

3,070 
3,894 
35,936 
5996 

Nanticoke     .... 
New  Brighton    .     .     . 
Newcastle      .... 
New  Kensington 

12,116 
6,820 
28,339 
4  665 

Kingston  

3846 

Norristown 

2°  265 

Kittanning    .... 
Knoxville  (Allegheny 

3,902 

North  Braddock     .     . 
Oil  City    

6,535 
13,264 

County)     .... 
Lancaster  

3,511 
41  459 

Old  Forge      .... 
Olyphant 

5,630 
6  180 

Lansford  

4888 

Ph  i  ladelph  i  a 

1  293  697 

Latrobe     

4,614 

Philipsbur°' 

3°66 

Lebanon   

17  6°8 

Phosnixville  . 

9  196 

Lehighton      .... 

4,629 

Pittsburg  

321,616 

Lewisburg     .... 

3,457 

Pittston     

12,556 

Lewistown     .... 
Lock  Haven  .... 
Lnzerne     

4,451 
7,210 

3,817 

Plymouth       .... 
Pottstown      .... 
Pottsville  

13,649 
13,696 
15710 

McKeesport  .... 
McKees  Rocks  .     .     . 

Mahanoy  City  . 

34,277 
6,352 
13,504 

Punxsutawney  .     .     . 
Quakertown  .... 
.  Rankin      

4,375 
3,014 
3,775 

Mauch  Chunk   . 

4,029 

Reading    

78,961 

Meadville  

10,291 

Renovo      

4,082 

Mechanicsburg  (Cum- 
berland County) 

3,841 

Reynoldsville     .     . 
Ridsrwav  . 

3,435 
3,515 

JVIedia  

3,075 

Rochester 

4,688 

Meyersdale    .... 

3,024 

St.  Clair    

4,630 

Middletown  .... 

5,608 

St.  Marys  

4,295 

Mill  vale    

6,736 

Sayre    .     .         ... 

5,243 

Milton  

6,175 

Schuylkill  Haven  . 

3,654 

Minersville    .... 

4,815 

Scottdale  

4,261 

APPENDIX 


99 


CITIES   AND  BOROUGHS   OF   PENNSYLVANIA  —  Concluded 


CITY  OR  BOROL-OII 

POPULATION 

CITY  OE  BoRor<;ii 

POPULATION 

Scranton  

10°  0°6 

4,663 

Sewickley      .... 
Shamokiu      .... 

3,568 
18,202 

Turtle  Creek      .     .     . 
Tyrone      

3,262 
5,847 

Sharon      

8916 

Union  City    .... 

3,104 

Sharpsburg   .... 
Shenandoah  .... 
Shippensburg 

6,842 
20,321 
3,228 

Uniontown    (Fayette 
County)     .... 
Warren     

7,344 
8,043 

Slatington     .... 
South      Bethlehem 
(Northampton  Co.) 
South  Williamsport  . 
Steelton     

3,773 

13,241 
3,328 
12,086 

Washington     (Wash- 
ington County)  .     . 
Waynesboro  .... 
West  Bethlehem    .     . 
West  Chester 

7,670 
5,396 
3,465 
9,524 

Stroudsburg  .... 
Sunbury    

3,450 
9,810 

West  Pittston    .     .     . 
Wilkesbarre  .... 

5,846 
51,721 

Susquehanna     .     .     . 
Tain  aqua  

3.813 
7,267 

Wilkinsburg      .     .     . 
Williamsport 

11,886 
28,757 

Tarentum      .... 
Taylor  

5,472 
4215 

Wilmerding  .... 
\Vinton     

4,179 
34<>5 

Titusville  

8,244 

York     

33,708 

THE   COUNTIES   OF   PENNSYLVANIA 


COUNTY 

AREA, 
SQUARE  MILES 

POPULATION, 
1900 

COUNTY  SEAT 

Adams     

531 

34,496 

.  Gettysburg 

Allegheny    .... 
Armstrong  .... 
Beaver     

757 
612 
452 

775,058 
52,551 
56,432 

.     .     .     .      Pittsburg 
.     .     .     .  Kittanning 
Beaver 

Bedford  

1,003 

39  468 

Bedford 

Berks  

900 

159,615 

Reading 

100 


THE    COUNTIES   OF   PENNSYLVANIA  —  Continued 


COUNTY 

ABBA, 
SQUARE  MII.KB 

POPULATION, 

1900 

COUNTY  SEAT 

Blair   

510 

85,099 

Hollidaysburg 

Bradford  

1,162 

59,403 

Towanda 

Bucks  

595 

71,190 

.  Doylestown 

Butler 

814 

56  962 

Butler 

Cambria  

666 

104,837 

.   Ebensburg 

Cameron       . 

381 

7,048 

Carbon     

402 

44,510 

.  Mauch  Chunk 

Centre      

1,227 

42,894 

.    Bellefonte 

Chester    

763 

95,695 

.     .     .    West  Chester 

Clarion    

572 

34,283 

Clarion 

Clearfield     .... 
Clinton     

1,130 

857 

80,614 
29,197 

.     .     .     .     Clearfield 
Lock  Haven 

Columbia     .... 
Crawford      .... 
C  umberlan  d 

479 
1,005 
544 

39,896 
63,643 
50,344 

.     .     .      Bloomsburg 
.     .     .     .     Meadville 
Carlisle 

Dauphin  

523 

114,443 

.  Harrisburg 

Delaware 

195 

94,762 

Media 

Elk 

774 

32,903 

.  Ridarwav 

Erie               . 

772 

98,473 

Erie 

Fayette    ..... 

830 

110,412 

.  Uniontown 

Forest 

431 

11,039 

Tionesta 

Franklin  

756 

54,902 

Chambersburg 

Fulton     

442 

9,924 

.    McConnellsburg 

Greene     

620 

28,281 

Waynesburg 

Huntingdon      .     .     , 
Indiana 

899 

828 

34,650 
42556 

.     .     .      Huntingdon 
Indiana 

Jefferson  

646 

59,113 

.    Brookville 

Juniata    

407 

16,054 

.  Mifflintown 

Lackawanna 

424 

193,831 

Scranton 

Lancaster     .... 
Lawrence     .... 
Lebanon 

973 
376 
356 

159,241 

57,042 
53  827 

.     .     .     .     Lancaster 
.     .     .     .  New  Castle 
Lebanon 

^\E  UNIVEftt//, 


^VUBRARYQx: 


\\E-UNIVER 


>    =  1<L* — gg 

=    5  Vh— — i  £ 

5  Sj>^ 


